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Ecology Ecology • The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings. Biosphere • Combined portions of the planet in which all life exists (land, water, air, organisms) BIOME • Group of ecosystems that have the same climate, similar soil and distinctive plants and animals • • • • See textbook pp. 98-104 HANDOUT: Biome Group Project DUE: Nov. 25 Worth: 50 points Ecosystem • BIOTA (living) • ABIOTA (nonliving) • • • • • • • • • Organisms Animals Plants Fungi bacteria environment Soil Air water Biomes of the World Communities • Groups of populations living in the same area • Like these desert animals Populations • Groups of individuals all of the same species • EX: All the Longnosed Leopard Lizards of the Mojave Desert Scales of Ecological Organization Ozone Thinning at Antarctica Energy Flow • Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth. Chemosynthetic Organisms • Some organisms rely on inorganic chemicals rather than the sun for energy. • All bacteria, manufacture carbohydrates and other organic molecules from the oxidization of sulfates or ammonia. Chemosynthetic Microbes Videos • Explore life at a hydrothermal vent. Autotrophs • Organisms that use sunlight to produce energy. • Use inorganic compounds to make organic molecules. • PLANTS • Also called PRODUCERS Photosynthesis • Process by which autotrophs harness sunlight in a chemical reaction to change inorganic compounds into energy-rich carbohydrates and oxygen. Heterotrophs • Organisms that rely on energy from other organisms • Also called CONSUMERS Types of Consumers • • • • Herbivores – eat only plants Carnivores – eat animals Omnivores – eat both plants and animals Detritivores – feed on animal remains and dead matter • Decomposers – break down organic matter • Scavengers-predator eats corpses it killed or others killed (raccoons, vultures, beetles) Decomposers • Bacteria fungi earthworms beetles Herbivores (Primary Consumers) • Eat producers Carnivores • Eat other animals Detritivores • Spaghetti worms have tentacles range out from a burrow in rock or sediment to collect the small particulate detritus that the worm feeds on. amphipods tearing plant debris and organic detritus into "bite sized" pieces and eating it Omnivores Eat plants and animals Scavengers • • • • Vultures Ants Crows spider Food Chain • Desert Food Chain Video (DesertUSA) • Energy flows from the sun or inorganic compounds in one direction to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers). Food Chain Simulation • Sunny Meadows Producers? Consumers? • • • • • • Primary producers (organisms that make their own food from sunlight and/or chemical energy from deep sea vents) are the base of every food chain - these organisms are called autotrophs. Primary consumers are animals that eat primary producers; they are also called herbivores (planteaters). Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. They are carnivores (meat-eaters) and omnivores (animals that eat both animals and plants). Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers. Food chains "end" with top predators, animals that have little or no natural enemies. Food Web: links all the food chains of an ecosystem together Trophic Level • Each step of a food chain or food web Ecological Pyramid Note that only 10% of the energy is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level Biomass Pyramid • Amount of tissue in a trophic level Biomass • Total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level Pyramid of Numbers Compare • Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass Ecological Pyramids Lab Activity Ecological Pyramid Activities • A. Biome Bags – Divide into Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers – Weigh for Biomass Pyramids – Count for Pyramid of Numbers Ecological Pyramid Activities • B. Cedar Glade Pyramids – Energy pyramid with list of species – Water volume to represent % of energy transferred to the next trophic level Draw names of Biomes • Divide contents into four smaller bags: Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers CAUTION: • If your pyramid does not look like it will support the food chain, then make adjustments. • Remember the fox, rabbit, and grass online simulaltion. Biomass Pyramid