Download Energy Metabolism and water vitamins

Absorption
Energy
Metabolism
To Blood
system
Transformations
and
Interactions
To lymphatic
system
Metabolic Processes
Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
ADP
 Fuel (Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins)
 Metabolism – Transfer of food
energy and nutrients into form
that cells can use
 Maintenance – repairing body
parts and keeping organs
functioning
AMP
ATP
1
Reactions – Energy
Common metabolic block
Acetyl CoA
O
CH3 C
S
CoA
Metabolic Reactions
Anabolism
– Reactions that build complex molecules from small one
Anabolism
2
Metabolic Reactions
Glycogenesis
Catabolism
– Reactions that break down compounds into small units
Catabolism
Glycogenolysis
3
Nutrients & Energy
Intermediates
Metabolic processes producing energy:
Glucose
yields
energy
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
 TCA (Tricarboxylic Acids) cycle
 Electron transport chain
Glucose
Glucose
 The fate of pyruvate
 The fate of pyruvate
– Anaerobic vs.
vs aerobic pathways
Anaerobic
 Pyruvate to lactic acid
y
–Cori cycle
4
Pyruvate to Lactic Acid (Anaerobic) Cori Cycle
Glucose
The fate of pyruvate
Aerobic
Pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Energy balance
from glucose
aerobic
metabolism
Pyruvate
to
Acetyl CoA
(Aerobic)
5
Fatty Acids to Acetyl CoA
Energy pathway for fats
β-Oxidation
Energy balance
from fat
aerobic
metabolism
The Carbons of a Typical Triglyceride
Glycerol
Fatty acids
18 C
27
18 C
54
81
18 C
27
180
3C
54 C
27 Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
27 Acetyl CoA
from C18:1 TG
Fat
6
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Deamination
Many amino
acids are
transferred
into glucose Glucogenic
Amino acids synthesis
– Keto acid
– Ammonia
Some amino
acids are
Directly
transferred
into acetyl CoAKetogenic
Some amino acids
can enter directly
TCA cycle Glucogenic
Amino Acids
Ammonia
to
urea
Urea
excretion
via
kidneys
7
The Sources of Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA
Glutamic Acid
Arginine
Histidine
Glutamine
Proline
Alanine
Cysteine
Glycine
Serine
Threonine
Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center
Carbohydrates
☻ Converts fructose and galactose to glucose
☻ Makes and stores gglycogen
y g
☻ Breaks down glycogen and release glucose
☻ Breaks down glucose for energy when needed
☻ Makes glucose from some amino acids and
glycerol when needed
☻ Converts excess glucose to fatty acids
β-oxidation
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Leucine
Lysine
Tryptophan
Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center
Lipids
☻ Builds and breaks down triglycerides,
phospholipids, and cholesterol as needed
☻ Breaks down fattyy acids for energy
gy when
needed
☻ Packages extra lipids in lipoproteins for
transport to other body organs
☻ Manufactures bile to send to the gallbladder
for use in fat digestion
☻ Makes ketone bodies when necessary
8
Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center
Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center
Proteins
☻ Manufacture nonessential amino acids that are in
short supply
☻ Removes from circulation amino acids that are
present in excess of need and converts them to
p
other amino acids
☻ Removes ammonia from the blood and converts it
to urea to be sent to the kidneys for excretion
☻ Makes other nitrogen containing compounds the
body needs – such as base used in DNA and RNA
☻ Makes plasma proteins such has clotting factor
Other functions
☻ Detoxifies alcohol, other drugs and poisons
☻ Prepares waste products for excretion
☻ Helps dismantle old red blood cells and capture the
iron for recycling
☻ Stores most vitamins and many minerals (iron,
copper)
☻ Activation of vitamin D
Economics of Feasting



Excess protein
Excess carbohydrate
Excess fat
Metabolic Processes During
F ti & Fasting
Feasting
F ti
9
Fasting – Use Stored Nutrients
Feasting - Overeating
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Proteins
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Glycogen
Body Fat
Glucose
Fatty Acids
W
Water
Glycogen
Liver, Muscle
Body
Fat
Stores
Body
Proteins
Loss of
nitrogen
Fasting – After Glycogen Depletion
Body Protein
Body Lipids
Energy for
Brain
Nervous system
Red Blood Cells
O
O
C oA +
H 3C C
H 3C C
Fatty Acids
H 3C
Glucose
Urea
Energy for
Brain Nervous
System
Ketone
Bodies
Energy
for other
cells
C oA
Ketone Body
Formation
Acetyl CoA
+H 2 O
Amino Acids
Energy for
Other cells
in the body
2C oA
O
O
C
CH2 C
OH
CO2
A cetylacetate
t l
t t
Ketone
Bodies
O
H 3C
C
CH3
A cetone
10
Economics of Fasting - Symptoms
Phenylalanine
Glucose
Lipids
β-oxidation
Pyruvic Acid
Suppression of appetite
Slowing metabolism
Symptoms of starvation wasting
Tyrosine
Leucine
Lysine
Tryptophan
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetic
Acid
Aspartic Acid
Asparagine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Fuel for Physical Activity
Acetoacetyl
CoA
Malic
Acid
Alanine
Cysteine
Glycine
Serine
Threonine
Citric
Acid
Isocitric
Acid
TCA Cycle
Krebs Cycle
Fumaric
Acid
Succinic
Acid
α-Ketoglutaric
Acid
Succinyl
CoA
Summary of energy metabolism
Arginine
Histidine
Glutamine
P li
Proline
Glutamic
Acid
Isoleucine
Methionine
Valine
Vitamins and Metabolism
11
B Vitamins and Energy
B vitamins are especially important for energy
metabolism.
B vitamins (and their coenzymes) include:
 Thiamin B1 - (TPP – Thiamine pyrophosphate)
 Folate (Folic acid) - (THF - tetrahydrofolate)
 Riboflavin B2 - (FAD – flavin adenine
dinucleotide, FMN
FMN-- flavin mononucleotide)
B Vitamins and Energy
 Niacin B3 (Nicotinic acid) - (NAD –
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
 Biotin (biotin)
 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) - (PLP –pyridoxal
phosphate)
 Pantothenic acid (CoA
(CoA))
 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine) - (B12)
Role of B Vitamins
All enzymes in metabolic pathways






Gl l i
Glycolysis
TCA cycle
Electron transport chain
Proteins synthesis
Amino acid transformation
Lipids metabolism
Thiamin – B1
Other names: Vitamin B1
RDA
– men: 1.2 mg/day
– women: 1.1 mg/day
12
Thiamin - Function
Chief functions in the body
Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin
pyrophosphate) used in energy
metabolism
Deficiency - beriberi
Riboflavin – B2
RDA
– Men: 1.3 mg/day
– Women: 1.1 mg/day
Thiamin - Sources
 Whole grain, fortified,



or enriched grain
p
products
Moderate amounts in
most food products
Pork
Easily destroyed by
heat
Riboflavin - Function
Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin
mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin
adenine dinucleotide) used in energy
metabolism
13
Niacin
Riboflavin sources:
Milk products
(yogurt, cheese)
Enriched or whole
grains
Liver
Niacin
RDA
– Men: 16 mg NE/day
– Women: 14 mg NE/day
Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day
Other names
–
–
–
–
Nicotinic acid;
Nicotinamide;;
Niacinamide
Vitamin B3
Precursor: dietary tryptophan
Niacin
Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes NAD
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
and
d NADP (its
(i phosphate
h h form)
f
) usedd
in energy metabolism
Deficiency - pellagra
14
Vitamins and foods
Niacin Sources:
Milk, eggs, meat,
poultry, fish
Whole--grain and
Whole
enriched
i h d breads
b d andd
cereals
Nuts
All protein
protein-containing foods
Biotin
Adequate intake (AI)
– Adults: 30 g/day
Thiamin – RDA
- 100g lean pork chop
- 3 cups cornflakes
Riboflavin – RDA
- 50g
50 off ffried
i d li
liver
- 2 cups of yogurt
- 3 cups of cornflakes
Niacin – RDA
- 100 g of chicken breast or canned tuna
- 6 tbs peanut butter
Biotin
Chief functions in the body
– Part of a coenzyme used in
energy metabolism
t b li
– fat synthesis
– amino acid metabolism
– glycogen synthesis
15
Biotin Sources
Widespread in foods
– Organs, meats,
egg yolks,
soybeans fish,
soybeans,
fish
whole grains
– Also produced
by GI bacteria
Pantothenic Acid - Sources
Significant sources
– Widespread in foods
– Organs and meats,
meats mushrooms,
mushrooms
avocados, broccoli, whole grains
Easily destroyed by food processing
and during cooking
Pantothenic Acid
Adequate intake (AI)
– Adults: 5 mg/day
Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzyme A
– energy metabolism
Vitamin B6
Other names
– Pyridoxine
– Pyridoxal
– Pyridoxamine
y
RDA
– Adults (19
(19--50 years): 1.3 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day
16
Vitamin B6 - Functions
Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes used in amino acid
and fatty acid metabolism
– Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin
and to serotonin
– Helps to make red blood cells
Folate-- Names and Doses
Folate
Other names
– Folic acid
– Folacin
– Pteroylglutamic
Pt
l l t i acid
id (PGA)
RDA
– Adults: 400 g/day
Upper level for adults: 1000 g/day
B6 Sources:
Meats
Fish
Poultry
P t t
Potatoes
Legumes
Non--citrus fruits
Non
Fortified cereals
Liver
Soy products
Folate - Function
Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes used in DNA
synthesis and therefore important in
new cell formation (fetus development)
 Present in foods as glutamic acid
derivative and requires B12 for
activation
17
Vitamin B12 – Names and Doses
Folate
Sources:
Other names: cobalamin
Fortified grains
Leafy green
Vegetables
Legumes
Seeds
Liver
B12 - Functions
Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes used in new cell
development
– Helps to maintain nerve cells
– Reforms folate coenzyme
– Helps to break down fatty acids and amino
acids
RDA
– Adults: 2.4 g/day
Vitamin B12 - Sources
Significant sources
– Animal products (meat, fish,
poultry shellfish
poultry,
shellfish, milk
milk, cheese
cheese,
eggs)
– Fortified cereals
Easily destroyed by microwave
cooking
18
Vitamin C - Functions
Vitamin C – Names & Doses
Chief functions in the body
Other name: ascorbic acid
RDA
Collagen synthesis
Strengthens blood vessel walls
Help tp forms scar tissue
Help in developing matrix for bone growth
– Men: 90 mg/day
– Women: 75 mg/day
– Smokers: + 35 mg/day
Antioxidant
Thyroxin synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Strengthens resistance to infection
Helps in absorption of iron
Upper level for adults: 2000
mg/day
Vitamin C
Sources
Fruits
Vegetables
Vitamin C - Sources
Significant sources
– Citrus fruits
– Cabbage
Cabbage--type vegetables
– Dark ggreen vegetables
g
((such as bell p
peppers
pp
and broccoli)
– Cantaloupe, strawberries
– Lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes
– Papayas, mangoes
Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
19
Vitamin C - Overdose
Toxicity symptoms
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
Headache, fatigue, insomnia
Hot
H t flashes,
fl h rashes
h
Interference with medical tests
Aggravation of gout symptoms
Urinary tract problems
Kidney stones
Vitamins and foods
Vitamin C – RDA supplied by
1 kiwi
½ red pepper
1 orange
Folate – RDA supplied by
2 banana
200 g chicken breast
60g cornflakes
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
Arguments for supplements
Arguments against supplements
– Correct to overt deficiencies
– Improve nutrition status
– Reduce disease risks
– Support increased nutrient needs
– Improve the body’s defenses
Toxicity
Life-threatening misinformation
LifeUnknown needs
False sense of security
Other invalid reasons
Bioavailability and Antagonistic actions
Interfering with absorption of nutrients
20
The End
21