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Transcript
Absorption Energy Metabolism To Blood system Transformations and Interactions To lymphatic system Metabolic Processes Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP ADP Fuel (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins) Metabolism – Transfer of food energy and nutrients into form that cells can use Maintenance – repairing body parts and keeping organs functioning AMP ATP 1 Reactions – Energy Common metabolic block Acetyl CoA O CH3 C S CoA Metabolic Reactions Anabolism – Reactions that build complex molecules from small one Anabolism 2 Metabolic Reactions Glycogenesis Catabolism – Reactions that break down compounds into small units Catabolism Glycogenolysis 3 Nutrients & Energy Intermediates Metabolic processes producing energy: Glucose yields energy Glycolysis Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA TCA (Tricarboxylic Acids) cycle Electron transport chain Glucose Glucose The fate of pyruvate The fate of pyruvate – Anaerobic vs. vs aerobic pathways Anaerobic Pyruvate to lactic acid y –Cori cycle 4 Pyruvate to Lactic Acid (Anaerobic) Cori Cycle Glucose The fate of pyruvate Aerobic Pyruvate to acetyl CoA Energy balance from glucose aerobic metabolism Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (Aerobic) 5 Fatty Acids to Acetyl CoA Energy pathway for fats β-Oxidation Energy balance from fat aerobic metabolism The Carbons of a Typical Triglyceride Glycerol Fatty acids 18 C 27 18 C 54 81 18 C 27 180 3C 54 C 27 Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA 27 Acetyl CoA from C18:1 TG Fat 6 Amino Acids Amino Acids Deamination Many amino acids are transferred into glucose Glucogenic Amino acids synthesis – Keto acid – Ammonia Some amino acids are Directly transferred into acetyl CoAKetogenic Some amino acids can enter directly TCA cycle Glucogenic Amino Acids Ammonia to urea Urea excretion via kidneys 7 The Sources of Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA Glutamic Acid Arginine Histidine Glutamine Proline Alanine Cysteine Glycine Serine Threonine Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center Carbohydrates ☻ Converts fructose and galactose to glucose ☻ Makes and stores gglycogen y g ☻ Breaks down glycogen and release glucose ☻ Breaks down glucose for energy when needed ☻ Makes glucose from some amino acids and glycerol when needed ☻ Converts excess glucose to fatty acids β-oxidation Phenylalanine Tyrosine Leucine Lysine Tryptophan Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center Lipids ☻ Builds and breaks down triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol as needed ☻ Breaks down fattyy acids for energy gy when needed ☻ Packages extra lipids in lipoproteins for transport to other body organs ☻ Manufactures bile to send to the gallbladder for use in fat digestion ☻ Makes ketone bodies when necessary 8 Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center Liver the Body Main Metabolic Center Proteins ☻ Manufacture nonessential amino acids that are in short supply ☻ Removes from circulation amino acids that are present in excess of need and converts them to p other amino acids ☻ Removes ammonia from the blood and converts it to urea to be sent to the kidneys for excretion ☻ Makes other nitrogen containing compounds the body needs – such as base used in DNA and RNA ☻ Makes plasma proteins such has clotting factor Other functions ☻ Detoxifies alcohol, other drugs and poisons ☻ Prepares waste products for excretion ☻ Helps dismantle old red blood cells and capture the iron for recycling ☻ Stores most vitamins and many minerals (iron, copper) ☻ Activation of vitamin D Economics of Feasting Excess protein Excess carbohydrate Excess fat Metabolic Processes During F ti & Fasting Feasting F ti 9 Fasting – Use Stored Nutrients Feasting - Overeating Lipids Carbohydrates Glucose Proteins Fatty Acids Amino Acids Glycogen Body Fat Glucose Fatty Acids W Water Glycogen Liver, Muscle Body Fat Stores Body Proteins Loss of nitrogen Fasting – After Glycogen Depletion Body Protein Body Lipids Energy for Brain Nervous system Red Blood Cells O O C oA + H 3C C H 3C C Fatty Acids H 3C Glucose Urea Energy for Brain Nervous System Ketone Bodies Energy for other cells C oA Ketone Body Formation Acetyl CoA +H 2 O Amino Acids Energy for Other cells in the body 2C oA O O C CH2 C OH CO2 A cetylacetate t l t t Ketone Bodies O H 3C C CH3 A cetone 10 Economics of Fasting - Symptoms Phenylalanine Glucose Lipids β-oxidation Pyruvic Acid Suppression of appetite Slowing metabolism Symptoms of starvation wasting Tyrosine Leucine Lysine Tryptophan Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetic Acid Aspartic Acid Asparagine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Fuel for Physical Activity Acetoacetyl CoA Malic Acid Alanine Cysteine Glycine Serine Threonine Citric Acid Isocitric Acid TCA Cycle Krebs Cycle Fumaric Acid Succinic Acid α-Ketoglutaric Acid Succinyl CoA Summary of energy metabolism Arginine Histidine Glutamine P li Proline Glutamic Acid Isoleucine Methionine Valine Vitamins and Metabolism 11 B Vitamins and Energy B vitamins are especially important for energy metabolism. B vitamins (and their coenzymes) include: Thiamin B1 - (TPP – Thiamine pyrophosphate) Folate (Folic acid) - (THF - tetrahydrofolate) Riboflavin B2 - (FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide, FMN FMN-- flavin mononucleotide) B Vitamins and Energy Niacin B3 (Nicotinic acid) - (NAD – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) Biotin (biotin) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) - (PLP –pyridoxal phosphate) Pantothenic acid (CoA (CoA)) Vitamin B12 (Cobalamine) - (B12) Role of B Vitamins All enzymes in metabolic pathways Gl l i Glycolysis TCA cycle Electron transport chain Proteins synthesis Amino acid transformation Lipids metabolism Thiamin – B1 Other names: Vitamin B1 RDA – men: 1.2 mg/day – women: 1.1 mg/day 12 Thiamin - Function Chief functions in the body Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism Deficiency - beriberi Riboflavin – B2 RDA – Men: 1.3 mg/day – Women: 1.1 mg/day Thiamin - Sources Whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain p products Moderate amounts in most food products Pork Easily destroyed by heat Riboflavin - Function Chief functions in the body – Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism 13 Niacin Riboflavin sources: Milk products (yogurt, cheese) Enriched or whole grains Liver Niacin RDA – Men: 16 mg NE/day – Women: 14 mg NE/day Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day Other names – – – – Nicotinic acid; Nicotinamide;; Niacinamide Vitamin B3 Precursor: dietary tryptophan Niacin Chief functions in the body – Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and d NADP (its (i phosphate h h form) f ) usedd in energy metabolism Deficiency - pellagra 14 Vitamins and foods Niacin Sources: Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish Whole--grain and Whole enriched i h d breads b d andd cereals Nuts All protein protein-containing foods Biotin Adequate intake (AI) – Adults: 30 g/day Thiamin – RDA - 100g lean pork chop - 3 cups cornflakes Riboflavin – RDA - 50g 50 off ffried i d li liver - 2 cups of yogurt - 3 cups of cornflakes Niacin – RDA - 100 g of chicken breast or canned tuna - 6 tbs peanut butter Biotin Chief functions in the body – Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism t b li – fat synthesis – amino acid metabolism – glycogen synthesis 15 Biotin Sources Widespread in foods – Organs, meats, egg yolks, soybeans fish, soybeans, fish whole grains – Also produced by GI bacteria Pantothenic Acid - Sources Significant sources – Widespread in foods – Organs and meats, meats mushrooms, mushrooms avocados, broccoli, whole grains Easily destroyed by food processing and during cooking Pantothenic Acid Adequate intake (AI) – Adults: 5 mg/day Chief functions in the body – Part of coenzyme A – energy metabolism Vitamin B6 Other names – Pyridoxine – Pyridoxal – Pyridoxamine y RDA – Adults (19 (19--50 years): 1.3 mg/day Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day 16 Vitamin B6 - Functions Chief functions in the body – Part of coenzymes used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism – Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin – Helps to make red blood cells Folate-- Names and Doses Folate Other names – Folic acid – Folacin – Pteroylglutamic Pt l l t i acid id (PGA) RDA – Adults: 400 g/day Upper level for adults: 1000 g/day B6 Sources: Meats Fish Poultry P t t Potatoes Legumes Non--citrus fruits Non Fortified cereals Liver Soy products Folate - Function Chief functions in the body – Part of coenzymes used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation (fetus development) Present in foods as glutamic acid derivative and requires B12 for activation 17 Vitamin B12 – Names and Doses Folate Sources: Other names: cobalamin Fortified grains Leafy green Vegetables Legumes Seeds Liver B12 - Functions Chief functions in the body – Part of coenzymes used in new cell development – Helps to maintain nerve cells – Reforms folate coenzyme – Helps to break down fatty acids and amino acids RDA – Adults: 2.4 g/day Vitamin B12 - Sources Significant sources – Animal products (meat, fish, poultry shellfish poultry, shellfish, milk milk, cheese cheese, eggs) – Fortified cereals Easily destroyed by microwave cooking 18 Vitamin C - Functions Vitamin C – Names & Doses Chief functions in the body Other name: ascorbic acid RDA Collagen synthesis Strengthens blood vessel walls Help tp forms scar tissue Help in developing matrix for bone growth – Men: 90 mg/day – Women: 75 mg/day – Smokers: + 35 mg/day Antioxidant Thyroxin synthesis Amino acid metabolism Strengthens resistance to infection Helps in absorption of iron Upper level for adults: 2000 mg/day Vitamin C Sources Fruits Vegetables Vitamin C - Sources Significant sources – Citrus fruits – Cabbage Cabbage--type vegetables – Dark ggreen vegetables g ((such as bell p peppers pp and broccoli) – Cantaloupe, strawberries – Lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes – Papayas, mangoes Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen 19 Vitamin C - Overdose Toxicity symptoms – – – – – – – Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea Headache, fatigue, insomnia Hot H t flashes, fl h rashes h Interference with medical tests Aggravation of gout symptoms Urinary tract problems Kidney stones Vitamins and foods Vitamin C – RDA supplied by 1 kiwi ½ red pepper 1 orange Folate – RDA supplied by 2 banana 200 g chicken breast 60g cornflakes Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Arguments for supplements Arguments against supplements – Correct to overt deficiencies – Improve nutrition status – Reduce disease risks – Support increased nutrient needs – Improve the body’s defenses Toxicity Life-threatening misinformation LifeUnknown needs False sense of security Other invalid reasons Bioavailability and Antagonistic actions Interfering with absorption of nutrients 20 The End 21