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Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life 2.1 The nature of matter • • Atom: the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element Atom is made of three subatomic particles: 1) Proton * Positive, nucleus 2) Electron * Negative, outside nucleus in energy levels First energy level -- 2e Second energy level -- 8e Third energy level -- 18e 3) Neutron * No charge, nucleus • Number of protons usually is equal to the number of electrons so that the overall charge of an atom is neutral!! • If atoms of the same element have different number of neutrons, they are called isotopes! EX. C - 12 , C - 13, C - 14 • When two or more atoms of different elements are chemically combined you create what is called a compound. EX. Water Compounds can be made with three different kinds of bonds: 1) Covalent Share electrons to be stable Strongest and most common bond Molecule: group of atoms held together with covalent bonds with no overall charge Van der Waals forces (what holds molecules together) 2) Ionic Gain / lose electrons to be stable Ion: a charged particle Less abundant in living things than covalent bonds 3) Hydrogen Mixtures & Solutions • • Mixture: a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties Solution: a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance – Two parts to every solution: 1. Solute --- What is being dissolved 2. Solvent -- What is doing the dissolving * Most common... WATER pH • pH: a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is – Acid: substance that forms H+ ions in water • 0-7 – Base: substance that forms OH- ions in water • 7 – 14 Acids & Bases Acids • Higher concentration of H+ ions • pH value less than 7 • Sour taste • React with metals • Blue litmus paper will turn red if an object is an acid Bases • Lower concentration of H+ ions • pH value more than 7 • Bitter taste • Slippery • Turn red litmus paper blue if an object is a base 2.2 Water and Diffusion • • Perhaps the most important compound in living organisms is water! Properties of water: 1) Polarity • • Has a positive and negative end Gives water its dissolving property 2) Resists Temperature Changes 3) Water expands when it freezes 4) Adhesion Graduated cylinder • Adhesion is greater between glass & water than water & water! 2.3 Carbon Compounds • The one element that defines living organisms is Carbon! • Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell; therefore, it can combine with almost every other element • Any compound that contains carbon is considered to be an organic compound! • If it does not contain carbon it is inorganic. Four types of Organic compounds: 1) Carbohydrates: Made of C, H, O (C to H ration is 2 to 1) Monomer: monosaccharide Function: Provide quick energy EX. Glucose: how animals store food Starch: how plants store food Cellulose: composes cell walls of plants 2) Lipids • Made of C, H, O --- (C to H ratio higher than 2 to 1) • Monomer: Glycerol & 3 fatty acids • Function: 1) Store energy 2) Insulation 3) Protection • EX. Fats and Oils 3) Proteins • Made of C, H, O, N, Sulfur • Monomer: Amino Acid – 20 AA • Function: 1) Build Muscle 2)Transportation (blood -- hemoglobin) 3) Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes) 4) Nucleic Acids • • • • Made of C, H, O, N, Phosphorus Monomer: Nucleotide Function: Store genetic information EX. DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) – Master RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid) -- Copy of DNA 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes • • Chemical reaction = changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals Chemical reactions have two parts: 1. Reactants 2. Products • CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Reactants Product Enzymes • Enzymes are proteins that act as a biological catalyst. • Catalyst: a substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell. Enzyme Action • The enzyme-substrate complex – Enzymes are substrate specific. – They act like a lock and key. – Enzymes will only catalyze their substrates. • Regulation of Enzyme Activity – Enzymes can be affected by: • • • • Heat pH Concentration of Substrate Proteins that turn enzymes “on” and “off” Example of what an enzyme does! How enzymes work Potato + Peroxide water + oxygen (catalase) Where are enzymes? • Enzymes regulate many chemical reactions such as: – Photosynthesis – Cellular respiration – Digestion • Enzymes are reusable – Once they work with one substrate they release and go to another substrate.