Download Mutated gene

Mutant Dinosaur Project!
Name: _________________________
Ramshaw – Biology
Hour: _________ Date __________
Objective and Overview: A dinosaur is born with a new genetic mutation. Your job is to map out the genes that were influenced by the
mutation and to discover how the new dinosaurs interact with the environment using the principles of evolution.
Order of Progression:
1.
Draw original dinosaur fossil (10 points)
2.
Dinosaur background (10 points)
3.
Dinosaur mutation (10 points)
4.
Dinosaur genetics (20 points)
5.
Draw evolved dinosaur fossil (30 points)
6.
Dinosaur habitat answer sheet (30 points)
7.
Dinosaur speciation answer sheet (30 points)
8.
Short answer questions (120 points)
Drawings: You are going to draw how a dinosaur evolves to form a new species. You will draw one fossil picture of an original dinosaur first
and draw the fossil of the new dinosaur species towards the end. This project includes 2, page size, complete dinosaur fossil drawings.
Please title and label the mutated parts! Make the drawings very detailed and precise.
Grading: This project will be worth 260 points! See the above list for point breakdown.
Due Date: We will be working on this project in class for several days. What you do not finish in class will need to be completed for
homework. This entire project is due on May 3rd 2010.
Resources: You may use the internet, your textbook, and any handouts provided by Ms. Ramshaw.
Draw Original Dinosaur Fossil (Skeleton)
Dinosaur Background
1.
What is the scientific name of the original dinosaur? ___________________________________
2.
What body part of the dinosaur is going to change? ____________________________________
3.
What are you going to change about this body part?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.
What is the new name for your mutant dinosaur? _____________________________________
5.
Explain the new trait’s phenotype in DETAIL! (uses, benefits for survival, how does it work, etc.) Please write in complete
sentences.
Dinosaur Mutation
Pretend a single gene controls the body part above. This protein will cause a change in physical appearance of the dinosaur. The physical
change must be able to leave some skeletal or fossil evidence.
You are now going to create 2 mutations for this single gene.
The first type of mutation is called a “Chromosome Mutation”. You will cause a mutation by manipulating the dinosaur’s chromosomes.
The second type of mutation is called a point mutation.
Here are the main types of Chromosome Mutations:

Insertion – These types of mutations add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA.

Deletions – These types of mutations remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA.

Duplications – Amplifications (or gene duplications) leading to multiple copies of all chromosomal regions, increasing the
dosage of the genes located within them.

Inversion – Reversing the orientation of a chromosomal segment.

Translocation – The interchange of genetic parts from non-homologous chromosomes.

Base Substitution – Point mutation.
Point Mutation – often caused by chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication, exchange a single nucleotide for another. These changes are classified
as transitions or transversions. Most common is the transition that exchanges a purine for a purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine, (C ↔
T). A transition can be caused by base mis-pairing. Less common is a transversion, which exchanges a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a
purine (C/T ↔ A/G). An example of a transversion is adenine (A) being converted into a cytosine (C).
For this activity, we will pretend the number of dinosaur chromosomes is the same as a human (2n = 46).
1.
What type of chromosome mutation will happen to the chromosome?
____________________________
2.
On which chromosome number will the mutation happen on? (Remember that chromosomes come in pairs so it must be a
number between 1 and 22, we will not use sex chromosomes!) _____
3.
Draw using colors for TWO original and mutated chromosomes below. (We will draw 2 because each chromosome has a
homologous matching chromosome.) Color the normal part of the chromosomes one color and use a different color to mark a
band on the chromosomes where the mutation is located. Please draw them as unreplicated chromosomes!!!
Original Chromosomes:
Mutated Chromosomes:
Dinosaur Genetics
Original Gene – Make up an original DNA sequence for the single –gene trait. Make sure there is no start or stop codons in the middle of
your original DNA code (TAC, ATC, ATT, ACT).
Original Dinosaur DNA:
TAC/_____ /_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/ATT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15
mRNA:
_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/UAA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15
tRna:
_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/AUU
1
2
3
4
5
6
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10 11 12 13 14 15
Original Amino Acid Sequence:
____________/____________/____________/____________/____________/
1
2
3
4
5
____________/____________/____________/____________/____________/
6
7
8
9
10
____________/____________/____________/____________/____________/
11
12
13
14
15
Mutated gene: This is the Mutated DNA. Copy the DNA from above but mutate it by inserting, deleting, or substituting one or more
bases. Circle the mutated DNA!
TAC/_____ /_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15
mRNA:
_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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9
10 11 12 13 14 15
tRna:
_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____/_____
1
2
3
4
5
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10 11 12 13 14 15
Mutated Amino Acid Sequence: circle what amino acid has changed from the original Amino Acid Sequence!
____________/____________/____________/____________/____________/
1
2
3
4
5
____________/____________/____________/____________/____________/
6
7
8
9
10
____________/____________/____________/____________/____________/
11
12
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15
QUESTION:
What type of point mutation happened?
Circle one: Insertion, Deletion, or Base Substitution?
Draw evolved Dinosaur Fossil (Skeleton)
Dinosaur Habitat
Please use the information given to you about your dinosaur to help answer the following questions. You may also use your textbook to help you answer
the questions (look at the BIOMES). Pretend your dinosaur lives today. In the following questions you will be describing the modern day environment
that your dinosaur would love to live in!
Current Habitat:
1. What type of biome would your dinosaur live in? Be as specific as possible, including a possible country or area they are found in!
2. List 3 abiotic factors and 10 biotic factors found in this biome.
3. What does your original dinosaur eat?
4. Based upon the size of your mutated dinosaur, what plants or animals listed above would be the typical prey or plant of your dinosaur if
it lived today?
5. Does its diet change based upon the mutation? If so, how?
Environmental Change:
An environmental change is happening to the habitat your dinosaur lives in. Select ONE environmental Change below that either causes a fast or a slow
change in your dinosaur. Please select a change where one of your mutated dinosaurs will thrive in the new habitat.
Circle ONE: (you must choose only one; slow or a fast change, not both)
(Slow Changes)
-
Cooling to an ice age
-
Rise of the sea level
-
Climate warming
(Fast changes)
-
Volcano erupts causing toxic gasses to be released
-
Landslide isolates your habitat
-
Volcano erupts causing lava flows into your habitat
After thinking about how this event will affect your habitat, answer the following questions:
1. How is the dinosaur’s water sources affected by the environmental change?
2. How is the dinosaur’s shelter/nesting sites necessary to live and reproduce affected by the environmental change?
3. How would the food chain of your dinosaur’s ecosystem be affected by the environmental change?
4. Some of the original dinosaurs do not survive the environmental change but your mutated dinosaur survives. Explain why many of the
original dinosaurs do not survive the environmental change. Make sure to use the concepts of adaptation and competition in your answer.
5. Define SPECIES:
In order for your mutant dinosaur to become its own species, it needs to create its own gene pool. Reproductive isolation plays a key role in
speciation.
There are 3 main types of Reproductive Isolation:
Behavioral - Behavioral isolation is an isolating mechanism. This mechanism operates through courtship behavioral patterns. If one species
displays a certain courtship pattern, it won't be recognized by those of the other species. This is the mechanism which separates wolfs from dogs, their
courtship patterns are different in the wild.
Geographical – or Allopatric speciation is the differentiation of physically isolated populations to the point that reunion of the two
populations does not occur if contact is re- established.
Temporal – This type of isolation prevents fertilization because the two different species reproduce at different times. The time periods could
differ simply by hours, or by seasons. If one species reproduces in the spring, while the other reproduces in the fall, the two species aren't able to breed.
Question: Come up with an idea of how your dinosaur uses one or more of these types of isolation to become separate from the original
dinosaur’s gene pool.
Dinosaur Speciation
Now, based upon the dinosaur habitat, the surviving dinosaurs will reproduce.
Circle one: The mutated gene will become:
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT OR HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
What is the mutated dinosaur’s Genotype (Use the letter D)? _____________
If the gene is dominant, the mate’s genotype will be opposite (homozygous recessive). If the gene is recessive, the mate would be the opposite
(homozygous dominant).
Your dinosaur’s mutation is beneficial to their survival after the environmental change. Complete the following punnett squares with the
mutation happening in the P1 Generation. The environmental change happens after the P1 generation. Using the offspring of the previous
generation, take 2 and mate them for the next Generation. The mutated gene should be passed on.
P1
f1
f2
f3
F4
f5
f6
f7
1. Assuming each punnett square represents all mutated dinosaurs for that generation, what would be the relative frequency of the mutated
gene in the f7 generation?
2. Define Population:
3. Since individuals with the mutation pass on their favorable traits to their offspring, over many generations the favorable traits will
increase in a population. This causes the population to change over time. Explain how the amount of time between generations influences
how fast a population of mutant dinosaurs will grow.
Short Answer Questions
Please write legibly, in complete sentences, answering each question using as much detail and evidence as possible! Remember, this section is worth 120
points, 20 points per question!
1. Explain how variation within a species increases the species chance to survive when the environment changes.
2. Your two fossil drawings show evidence on how one species is related to another species. Explain, using concepts like homologous
structures, how your dinosaur fossils are evidence for speciation.
3. Explain how natural selection acts on the phenotype and not the genotype of your dinosaur.
4. How did competition for resources affect your dinosaur’s fitness? How did adaptation affect your dinosaur’s fitness?
5. Explain how genetic drift may have affected the mutant dinosaur.
6. Pretend all the dinosaurs in this class make up a small community on an island. Explain why a larger number of different species
increases the chance that at least some dinosaurs will survive a major change in the environment on the island.
Extra information that you may find helpful as you complete this activity:
Variation – There are three primary sources of genetic variation:
1.
Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change
is based on the accumulation of many mutations.
2.
Gene flow is any movement of genes from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation.
3.
Sex can introduce new gene combinations into a population. This genetic shuffling is another important source of
genetic variation.
Speciation – Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.
Fitness (Biological Fitness) – Fitness often refers to an individual's ability to pass on their genes to the next generation rather
than physical strength or health although these do play a part. An animal that is more fit will have more offspring and so will
pass on their genes to more individuals who will hopefully go on to pass those genes on some more.
Genetic Drift – Genetic drift or allelic drift is the change in the relative frequency in which a gene variant (allele) occurs in a
population due to random sampling and chance: The alleles in offspring are a random sample of those in the parents, and
chance has a role in determining whether a given individual survives and reproduces. A population's allele frequency is the
fraction of the gene copies that share a particular form.