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Learning From Experience I. Learning about events: Noticing and ignoring A. Habituation and sensitization 1. Orienting response 2. Habituation 3. Sensitization B. Short- and long-term effects II. Learning what events signal: Classical Conditioning A. Terminology of classical conditioning 1. Unconditioned stimuli and unconditioned responses 2. Conditioned stimuli and conditioned responses B. Acquiring the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus connection C. Conditioned responding: Why does it develop? D. Second-order condition E. Stimulus generalization F. Stimulus discrimination G. Extinction and spontaneous recovery III. Learning about the consequences of behavior: Instrumental conditioning A. The law of effect B. B.F. Skinner and radical behaviorism C. The discriminative stimulus D. The nature of reinforcement 1. Positive & negative reinforcement 2. Bliss point and response deprivation theory 3. Conditioned reinforcers E. Schedules of reinforcement 1. Fixed ratio schedules 2. Variable ratio schedules 3. Fixed interval schedules 4. Variable interval schedules F. Shaping the desired behavior G. Biological constraints on learning H. Punishment 1. Positive and negative punishment 2. Practical considerations IV. Learning from others: Observational learning A. Modeling: Learning through example B. Practical considerations Learning in Pigeons, Monkeys, and People The Conditioned StimulusUnconditioned Stimulus Connection Rule: A conditioned stimulus will acquire signaling properties, leading to the production of the a conditioned response, whenever it provides information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (Rescorla, 1992). Experimental Findings on Conditioning 1. For an effective association to form, the conditioned stimulus needs to be presented before the unconditioned stimulus. 2. The unconditioned stimulus needs to follow the conditioned stimulus closely in time. 3. The conditioned stimulus needs to uniquely predict the unconditioned stimulus. 4. The conditioned stimulus needs to provide new information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. Types of Reinforcement Consequence Description Example Positive Reinforcement The presentation of an event after a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again Bob’s parents reward him for cleaning his room by giving him $5. The presentation of $5 increases the likelihood that Bob will clean his room Negative reinforcement The removal of an event after a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again Karen’s parents nag her continually about cleaning her room. When she finally cleans her room, her parents stop nagging her. The removal of the nagging increases the probability that Karen will clean her room again Schedules of Reinforcement Type Description Example Continuous Response is followed by reinforcement every time it occurs Every time you clean your room your parents give you $5 Sometimes you get $5 for cleaning your room Partial • Fixed Ratio • Variable Ratio • Fixed Interval • Variable Interval Effect Fast acquisition of response, with response easily extinquished Response is followed Acquisition is by reinforcement slower, but response some of the time is more resistant to extinction The number of You get $5 every 3 You clean your room responses required for times you clean consistently, but stop reinforcement is fixed your room cleaning quickly if reward stops The number of You get $5 after You clean your room responses required for cleaning your consistently, and reinforcement varies room a certain # of continue to clean times, but the your room even if exact number reward isn’t varies delivered for a while Reinforcement is Every Tuesday You don’t do much delivered for the first you get $5 if your cleaning until response after a fixed room is clean Tuesday, and you interval of time stop quickly if reward stops Reinforcement is On some random You clean your room delivered for the first weekday you get consistently and response after a $5 if your room is don’t stop even if the variable interval of clean reward isn’t time delivered for a while Schedules of Reinforcement, con’t