Download World History - PI - Chapter 6

Chapter 6 – Ancient Rome and Early Christianity –
Section I – The Roman Republic –
A – Geography and Natural Resources –
1 – mountains –
a – Apennine Mountains – not high – not rugged –
1 – run north-south on Italian peninsula – form “…………………………..” –
2 – did not deter ……………. nor …………………………….. –
b – Alps – northern Italy – high – rugged – effective barrier to invasion –
2 – coastline – not highly indented – few good harbors – Roman culture developed ………………. –
3 – climate – mild – ............................ (favorable) to cultural growth and outdoor life –
a – summer – hot – dry –
b – rainfall – …………………………….. –
4 – peninsula –
a – south – ………………………………. –
b – east – …………………………. –
c – north – ………………………….. –
d – central peninsula of Mediterranean – (w)………………… - (c)………………….. –
(e)…………………… 5 – rivers –
a – Po River – flows across northern Italy – empties into ………………………. –
b – Tiber River – river along which Rome is built –
c – short – shallow – limited use –
1 – mouths – swampy – ………………………. (and other mosquito-related diseases) –
6 – soil – ……………………….. – agriculturally …………………………….. –
B – Early People –
1 – Latins – .................................. and .................................... –
a – by 800 B.C. – settled in …………………….. – south of Tiber River –
b – government – villages ruled by …………………… 2 – 750 – 600 B.C. – Greeks established colonies – southern Italy and Sicily – ……………………
a – cities – prosperous – commercially active –
3 – c.700 B.C. – Etruscans – settled in …………………….. – north of Tiber River – (today –
region of ………………………….) –
a – culture –
1 – information re: Etruscans comes from ……………………… (“……………………….
…………………….”) –
2 – enjoyed chariot races – bull fights – dancing –
3 – women – freedom – near equality with men –
4 – ……………………………….. –
5 – traded with ……………….. and ……………………………. –
6 – drained marshes – paved roads – built sewers (………………………….. drains
Roman Forum) –
b – government –
1 – monarchy - ……………………………… 2 – symbol of king’s authority – ……………………. (ax enclosed in bundle of rods) –
3 – Senate – advised king –
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C – Roman Republic –
1 – background –
a – c.620 B.C. – Etruscans gained control of Rome –
b – 534 B.C. – Tarquin the Proud became king – ruled harshly –
c – 509 B.C. – Latins drove Tarquins out of Rome –
1 – “………………” – “king” – detested symbol of excessive power –
d – 509 B.C. – marks founding of Roman Republic – republic – “......................................................”
2 – Roman social groups –
a – Patricians – “……………………………..” – wealthy aristocratic landowners –
b – Plebians – majority of population –
1 – ………………… - ………………………… - ………………………. –
2 – could not hold office –
c – Patricians and Plebians –
1 – right to vote –
2 – responsible – pay taxes – serve in military –
3 – government –
a – Senate – 300 members – patricians – term of office – …………………. –
1 – duties –
a – war – controlled appointment of generals and troop levels –
b – peace – controlled treasury – collected taxes –
c – foreign affairs – ratify (approve) ……………………………………….. –
d – appoint provincial governors –
2 – advisory body – opinions had ……………………………………. –
b – Consuls – two – elected annually by Senate –
1 – possessed “……………………………” – absolute power during term –
2 – each could issue edict – had force of law –
3 – each could …………….. edict of other – “……………….” – “……………………..” –
c – dictator – only during times of emergency/crisis –
1 – appointed by ……………………… 2 – term – …………………….. –
3 – ………………………………………. –
d – tribunes – ten – elected by Council of Tribes –
1 – protectors of ……………………………. –
2 – special power – “…………………..” –
a – used to stop (perceived) harmful actions by Senate/Consuls –
b – negative power – could prevent – could not substitute/pass laws –
4 – Twelve Tables – c.450 B.C. – displayed in ……………………………….. –
b – memorized by every Roman citizen –
c – source of all Roman ………………………………………… *d – established principle – all free citizens had right to protection under the law –
5 – Roman army – every male citizen (landowner) required to serve –
b – used ………………………….. –
c – legion(s) – unit of Roman army – 5000 foot soldiers – well-trained – iron discipline –
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D – Punic Wars – Rivalry with Carthage –
1 – First Punic War – 264 – 241 – B.C. –
a – military strength –
1 – Carthage – ……………………… 2 – Rome – ……………………….. –
b – Rome adopted land tactics at sea –
1 – “………………………..” – “…………………………………” – allowed Romans
to use infantry –
c – 241 B.C. – Carthage sued for peace – exhausted by long struggle –
d – Roman territorial gains – ………………………………………………………………. –
e – Carthage paid …………………………….. – $2 million –
2 – Second Punic War – 218 – 201 B.C. – Carthaginian general – Hannibal –
a – Carthaginian forces in Spain – 40,000 soldiers – 8000 cavalry – 40 elephants –
b – Hannibal crossed …………………………. into ……………….. (modern-day France) –
c – crossed Alps into Italy –
e – Romans chose ………………………… - Fabius Maximus –
1 – avoided direct confrontation (head-on battle) with Hannibal –
2 – policy unpopular with Romans – replaced at end of term –
f – 216 B.C. – Battle of Cannae – (southern Italy) – Hannibal routed Roman army –
g – 216 – 202 B.C. – Hannibal unable to gain decisive victory (ies) –
1 – could not lay successful siege to Rome’s walled cities –
h – 202 B.C. – Battle of Zama – north Africa – 50 miles – southwest of Carthage –
1 – Roman general – ……………………………… 2 – Rome defeated Hannibal and Carthage –
i – Carthage no longer threat – Rome acquired Spain – Carthage paid ....................................... –
3 – Third Punic War – 149 – 146 B.C. –
a – 200 – 150 B.C. – Carthage regained (economic) prosperity – no threat to Rome –
b – reason (excuse) for war – satisfy greed of wealthy landowners –
1 – represented in Roman Senate by ………………………………………. – ended all
speeches with phrase “Carthago delenda est” – “………………………………………” –
c – 149 B.C. – Rome declared war on Carthage –
1 – Carthage besieged – cut off from food supplies –
2 – many inhabitants died – …………………….. – survivors ………………………….. –
3 – Carthage – ………………….. and ………………………….. –
4 – rulers of Mediterranean world – Rome extended power from Spain to Egypt –
b – by 133 B.C. – Rome called Mediterranean Sea – “……………………………………” –
“…………………………………” –
End of Section I
Section II – The Roman Empire –
A – the Republic collapses –
1 – rich, poor and slavery –
a – post-Punic Wars – growing social unrest –
b – conquered territories and provinces – paid …………………. to Rome –
1 – complained of corrupt officials – stole provincial wealth for personal gain –
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c – latifundia – huge estates – worked by slaves –
1 – provided urban markets with commodities – …………………………………………….. –
d – slavery – grew as Rome grew – slave market – Delos – 10,000 slaves per day –
1 – by 100 B.C. – slaves – …………… of Roman population –
2 – 73 – 71 B.C. – slave rebellion –
a – 70,000 – led by …………………………………. –
b – rebellion put down by ……………………… (Roman general) –
1 – crucified 6000 slaves along ……………………….. (major Roman road) –
3 – slave rebellions costly – $$$$ and troops –
e – decline of small farmer – could not compete against latifundia –
1 – unable to compete – could not (re)pay loans and taxes – forced to sell land –
2 – displaced farmers moved to Rome/Roman cities – no jobs – …………………………… a – became part of restless, unemployed mob –
2 – attempts at reform –
a – feuding among Rome’s leading families – weakened Republic – violence increased –
b – Gracchus/Gracchi brothers – Tiberius and Gaius – both served as …………………………. –
1 – proposed reforms –
a – limit size of estates – give land to poor – (Tiberius) –
b – sell grain to poor below market price – (Gaius) –
2 – both met violent deaths – 3 – significance of Gracchi –
a – Senate (representing interests of wealthy) usurped ……………………………… lost ………………………………………………. –
b – demonstrated inability of Rome to resolve problems without resorting to violence –
3 – military upheaval –
b – Marius – (Gaius Marius – 157 – 86 B.C.) – Roman general –
1 – 107 B.C. – became …………………………… 2 – created professional army – drawn from ………………………………… a – received ……………………………………………………………… 3 – promised …………… at time of discharge –
c – Rome’s professional armies – gave allegiance to generals – not to Rome –
d – 88 – 82 B.C. – Marius and Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla) fought for control of Rome –
1 – Sulla drove Marius into exile – Sulla had self appointed ……………………………… 4 – First Triumvirate – 60 B.C. –
a – Pompey – (106 – 48 B.C.) – capable military leader –
1 – put down ................................................. – crucified 6000 slaves along Appian Way –
b – Crassus – (115 – 53 B.C.) – wealthy patrician – experienced politician –
c – Julius Caesar – (100 – 44 B.C.) – able commander –
1 – 59 B.C. – had self appointed proconsul (governor) of Gaul for two five-year terms –
2 – “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars” –
a – kept Roman citizens aware of exploits – style – clear and simple –
d – 53 B.C. – Crassus died in battle – Pompey – sole consul –
e – 49 B.C. – Senate ordered Caesar back to Rome without his army –
1 – Caesar defied order – crossed ……………………….. (southern limit of territory
administered by Caesar) – no turning back – considered act of ……………………… -
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f – Caesar the Dictator –
1 – Pompey fled to Egypt – killed by Egyptians – Caesar placed ………………….. on throne –
2 – 46 B.C. – Caesar returned to Rome – appointed ……………………………………………..
5 – Caesar’s program of reform –
a – provinces – reduced …………………………….. – granted citizenship to many people –
b – poor –
1 – confiscated land – gave to poor –
2 – began public works projects – …………………. –
3 – continued free grain to poor – made people prove need – cut roles by …………… c – most lasting reform – new calendar (……………………………….) – solar calendar –
365 days –
d – increased pay for soldiers –
6 – Caesar’s death – many Romans admired Caesar – brought peace and order to Rome –
b – conservatives – saw Caesar as tyrant – intent – to become …………….. –
c – Roman law – anyone plotting to become king could be killed without trial –
d – Ides of March – (March 15, 44 B.C.) – group of Roman senators –
7 – end of the Republic –
a – Second Triumvirate – 43 – 31 B.C. –
1 – Octavian – (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) – Caesar’s grandnephew –
2 – Lepidus – (89 – 12 B.C.) –
3 – Marc Antony – (83 – 30 B.C.) – Caesar’s chief general –
b – Marc Antony – fell in love and married Egyptian queen, Cleopatra – plotted to control
eastern part of Roman Empire –
c – 31 B.C. – Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra –
1 – Battle of Actium (naval battle) – Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra –
d – 30 B.C. – Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide –
e – Octavian – undisputed ruler of Rome – reign marked beginning of Roman Empire –
B – Roman Empire –
1 – Pax Romana – “……………………………..” – (27 B.C. – 180 A.D.) –
a – 3 million square miles – 60 – 80 million people – population of Rome about 1 million –
b – Octavian – (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.) – emperor Augustus – “exalted one” – “majestic” – additional
offices –
1 – ………………………. – veto power –
2 – ……………………….. – cast first vote in Roman senate – “…………………………..” –
3 – ……………………….. – could remove unworthy men from office –
4 – …………………………. – supreme military commander –
c – Julian-Claudian Emperors – (14 – 68 A.D.) –
1 – Tiberius – (14 – 37 A.D.) –
2 – Caligula – (37 – 41 A.D.) – “…………………………” - (Gaius Caesar Germanicus) –
3 – Claudius – (41 – 54 A.D.) – poisoned by 4th wife, ……………………………….. –
…………………………………… 4 – Nero – (54 – 68 A.D.) –
a – killed mother and wife –
b – July 18, 64 A.D. – fire – 9 days – 2/3 of city …………………….. –
c – 68 A.D. – suicide – knife to throat –
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d – Flavian Emperors – (69 – 96 A.D.) –
1 – Vespasian – (69 – 79 A.D.) – taxed everything (necessity) – began Colosseum 2 – Titus – (79 – 81 A.D.) –
a – completed Colosseum –
b – 79 A.D. – …………………………… erupted – destroyed ………………………… 3 – Domitian – (81 – 96 A.D.) –
a – severe persecutions – ……………… and ……………………….. - ………………… b – 96 A.D. – murdered by court officials in palace conspiracy –
e – Good Emperors – (96 – 180 A.D.) –
1 – Nerva – (96 – 98 A.D.) –
2 – Trajan – (98 – 117 A.D.) – empire reached its greatest size –
3 – Hadrian – (117 – 138 A.D.) –
a – chose to establish ……………………………………. –
1 – Hadrian’s Wall – 73 miles long – Great Britain –
b – tomb – built along Tiber River – very large –
1 – Middle Ages – …………………………… 2 – today – …………………………………………… 4 – Antonius Pius – (138 – 161 A.D.) –
5 – Marcus Aurelius – (161 – 180 A.D.) – Stoic Philosopher – “Meditations” –
2 – sound government –
a – vast empire held together – efficient government – able rulers –
b – effective civil service – carried out day-to-day operations –
C – The Roman World –
1 – Roman values –discipline – loyalty – strength – self-sacrifice –
2 – family – …………………………………………. –
a – …………………………………………….. – absolute head of the family –
1 – deep sense of responsibility for welfare of members of family b – wives/women – few legal rights –
c – children – grew up with ……………………………………………….. –
3 – public amusements – way to control ………………………………………………………………. –
a – government officials offered “………………………………………..” –
b – Circus Maximus – 250,000 seat capacity –
1 – chariot races – charioteers – heroes –
2 – betting popular –
c – Colosseum – 50,000 seat capacity – gladiator fights –
End of Section II
Section III – Rise of Christianity –
A – Judaism and the Roman Empire –
1 – generally – Romans tolerant of religions in Empire –
a – tolerance predicated on
1 – citizens honor ……………………………….. –
2 – acknowledge divine spirit of ……………………………………….. –
b – polytheism of many made acceptance of Roman conditions easy –
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2 – Jewish rebellion –
a – 69 B.C. – Rome controlled Jewish territory –
b – ferment – (unrest) –
1 – many Jews absorbed Hellenistic customs/ideas –
a – concern re: weakening of religion –
b – Jewish reformers called for strict adherence to Jewish laws/traditions –
2 – political turmoil – ……………………… called for Jewish rebellion v. Rome – regain
independence – (ardently patriotic, warlike group of Jews in Judea – advocated violent
overthrow of Romans –
c – 66 A.D. – rebellion – by 70 A.D. – Roman forces crushed rebellion –
1 – captured Jerusalem – destroyed temple – only ………………………….. remained
intact – (a/k/a – ………………………………….) –
d – 73 A.D. – Masada – hilltop fortress near Dead Sea –
1 – Zealots resisted Romans for three years –
2 – committed (mass) suicide to avoid capture by Romans –
e – 132 A.D. – unsuccessful rebellion – Jews banned from Jerusalem –
1 – forced to live in other parts of Med. Region and Near East (Middle East) – dispersal of
Jews called “………………………………..” – (Greek – “…………………………..”) –
B – Jesus of Nazareth – no contemporary sources –
1 – Gospels – “…………………………..” – …………………………………………………. –
a – “………………………….” Gospels – (…………………………………….) – present similar,
not identical, information –
b – John’s Gospel – reports what Jesus said –
2 – Jesus’ life –
a – Jesus – Greek version of Hebrew …………………………… b – born and educated ……………………………. –
c – teachings viewed as radical from Orthodox Jewish teaching
3 – message –
a – basic teaching – people should help one another – love God – repent sins –
accept God’s forgiveness –
b – prominent – concern for poor –
4 – Jewish leaders hated Jesus – associated with …………………………………………………… 5 – selected twelve “apostles” (Greek – “……………………………………..”) –
6 – death on Cross –
a – 33 A.D. – arrested under order of ……………………….. –
1 – accusation – ……………………………………………. –
b – crucified – ………………………………………………………………………………….. –
(…………………………………………………………………………………) –
C – Spread of Christianity –
1 – Paul (of Tarsus – city – Asia Minor) –
a – educated as …………………… -underwent conversion –
b – preached to ………………………………….. –
c – wrote letters (……………………………) interpreting Jesus’ teachings –
2 – persecution – refused to worship Roman emperors and Roman gods –
a – ……………………………. – during times of trouble – e.g., fire – Rome – Nero –
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3 – survival of Christianity –
a – appeal of Christianity – equality of all in God’s eyes –
1 – poor and oppressed – ……………………………………………… 2 – attracted educated people – because of ideas re: ………………………………………….. –
b – people impressed by martyrs – people willing to die for religion – “The blood of the martyrs
was the seed of the Christian church”
D – Romans adopt Christianity –
1 – legend – 312 A.D. – Constantine led army at ……………………………………. (near Rome)
a – flaming cross appeared in sky – beneath cross – “In hoc signo vinces” – (“……………………
………………………………………………………………”) –
b – Constantine ordered cross painted on soldiers’ shields – won battle – credited Christian God –
2 – 313 A.D. – Emperor Constantine issued …………………………. – extended toleration to all
religions in Roman Empire –
3 – 380 A.D. – Emperor Theodosius – decreed Christianity official religion of Roman Empire –
E – early Church –
1 – structure –
a – ………………………. – led by local priest –
b – ……………………….. – led by bishop – region of several parishes –
c – ……………………………… - governed Christians in larger cities of Roman Empires –
1 – ……………….. - ……………………… - ………………… - ………………………… 2 – Church councils – meetings of Christian bishops –
a – discuss questions – resolve disputes re: Church beliefs b – 325 A.D. – Council of Nicaea – Nicene Creed – defined basic beliefs of the Church –
End of Section III
Section IV – Fall of the Roman Empire –
A – Century of Crisis –
1 – death of Marcus Aurelius (180 A.D.) marked end of Pax Romana – began period of violence
and corruption –
a – 192 – 284 A.D. – army installed 28 emperors – men of little ability – all but one died
violently –
b – Roman armies fought one another –
1 – borders unprotected – attacks by Germanic tribes – (repeated and successful) –
2 – economic decline – political instability led to economic decline –
a – warfare
1 – disrupted ………………………………………… 2 – destroyed ……………………………… - food shortages – prices …………………… b – increased taxes – used to pay soldiers – (generals had to raise wages) –
1 – many farmers abandoned land – tax income to government decreased –
B – emperors attempt reform –
1 – Diocletian – (r.285 – 305 A.D.) –
a – divided empire into two parts –
1 – Eastern Roman Empire – ruled by Diocletian 2 – Western Roman Empire - ruled by co-emperor Maximian –
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c – reforms –
1 – Edict of Prices – (to control inflation) – violation – death penalty – complete .......................
a – maximum prices – goods and services –
b – froze wages –
2 – Constantine – (r.312 – 337 A. D) – declared most jobs ………………………………… b – 330 A.D. – new capital of Eastern Roman Empire – Byzantium – renamed Constantinople –
(today ………………………………….) – 1 – located on ………………………………….. – connects Black Sea and Aegean Sea – good
…………………….. and ……………………………….. –
3 – following death of Constantine – empire divided once again – East survived – West fell –
C – Western Empire crumbles –
1 – Germanic tribes began successful penetration of Western/Central Europe – sought
a – …………………………………………. – better …………………………………………… c – share of Rome’s wealth –
d – most fleeing Huns – nomadic invaders from central Asia –
2 – Huns –
a – led by ………………………… - “…………………………………..” –
b – 431 A.D. – began savage campaign across Europe
c – 451 A.D. – Battle of Chalons –
1 – Huns defeated by army of Romans and Visigoths (Germanic tribe) –
2 – Huns also defeated by …………………… and …………………………… D – End of the Western Roman Empire –
1 – 455 A.D. – Rome attacked and sacked by …………………….. (Germanic tribe) –
2 – 476 A.D. – Odoacer, leader of Ostrogoths – seized control of Rome –
b – overthrew (deposed) Emperor Romulus Augustus (14 years old) –
*** c – date used for fall of Rome –
4 – causes of downfall – complex series of events –
a – military causes –
1 – Roman army – lack of ………………………………… and ……………………….. –
2 – reliance on ……………………………. – little/no loyalty to Rome –
b – political causes –
1 – government – ………………………………………………………. –
a – lost support of people – officials corrupt –
2 – civil wars followed each imperial succession – consumed …………………………………
c – economic causes –
1 – ruinous …………..–
2 – economic …………………………………… 3 – reliance on ……………………………….. – discouraged development of ……………….
and …………………………………………….. –
d – social causes –
1 – decline in values – ………………………………………………………………………….. –
2 – upper class withdrew from public/urban life to rural/self-sufficient manor farms –
End of Section IV
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Section V – Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization –
A – Legacy of Rome –
1 – Roman law – greatest legacy of Roman civilization –
a – two systems of law –
1 – civil law – ………………………………. – applied to all Roman citizens –
2 – law of nations – …………………………….. – international law –
b – Roman law (generally) stressed authority of ………………… over ……………………… c – most important principles –
1 – all persons had right to equal treatment under the law –
2 – innocent until proven guilty –
3 – person should be punished for actions, not thoughts –
4 – burden of proof rests upon accuser, not accused –
5 – guilt must be established “clearer than daylight” through evidence –
2 – architecture, engineering and science –
a – architecture –
1 – Greek influence – columns – ………………………………………………. –
2 – improvements – …………………………………………….. –
a – most famous dome – ………………………………… b – engineering – extension of Romans’ …………………………………. –
1 – areas of Roman excellence – ……………………………………………… 2 – Appian Way – 4th century B.C. – connected Rome with southern Italy –
3 – Pax Romana – roads linked Rome with provinces – contributed to Roman unity –
40,000 miles of roads –
4 – ……………………………….. – bridge-like structures – brought fresh water to Roman
cities from great distances –
3 – language and literature –
a – Latin – ……………………………….. – common language of Europe up through 16th century –
1 – basis of Romance languages – …………………………………………………………… 2 – Latin provides “roots” for over 50% of English words b – literature –
1 – Cicero – (106 – 43 B.C.) – Roman senator – published beautifully written speeches –
2 – Ovid – (43 B.C. – 17 A.D.) – Roman poet – “Metamorphoses” – linked Rome to Greece
through tales of Greek and Roman gods –
3 – Horace – (65 – 8 B.C.) – Roman poet – “Odes” – wrote of the shortness of life and
rewards of companionship –
4 – Vergil – (70 – 19 B.C.) – Roman poet –
a –“Aenied” – epic poem – comparable to those of Homer b – tried to depict Rome’s past as heroic age – goal – arouse ………………………….. –
5 – Livy – (59 B.C. – 17 A.D.) – Roman historian –
a – wrote monumental history of Rome –
b – glorified early Rome – hoped to raise patriotism and traditional values –
6 – Tacitus – (56 – 117 A.D.) – historian –
a – condemned tyranny of Augustus and Julio-Claudian emperors –
b – “Germania” – contrasted robust lives of Germans and weak and pleasure-loving Romans
End of Chapter 6