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Chapter 6 – Ancient Rome and Early Christianity – Section I – The Roman Republic – A – Geography and Natural Resources – 1 – mountains – a – Apennine Mountains – not high – not rugged – 1 – run north-south on Italian peninsula – form “…………………………..” – 2 – did not deter ……………. nor …………………………….. – b – Alps – northern Italy – high – rugged – effective barrier to invasion – 2 – coastline – not highly indented – few good harbors – Roman culture developed ………………. – 3 – climate – mild – ............................ (favorable) to cultural growth and outdoor life – a – summer – hot – dry – b – rainfall – …………………………….. – 4 – peninsula – a – south – ………………………………. – b – east – …………………………. – c – north – ………………………….. – d – central peninsula of Mediterranean – (w)………………… - (c)………………….. – (e)…………………… 5 – rivers – a – Po River – flows across northern Italy – empties into ………………………. – b – Tiber River – river along which Rome is built – c – short – shallow – limited use – 1 – mouths – swampy – ………………………. (and other mosquito-related diseases) – 6 – soil – ……………………….. – agriculturally …………………………….. – B – Early People – 1 – Latins – .................................. and .................................... – a – by 800 B.C. – settled in …………………….. – south of Tiber River – b – government – villages ruled by …………………… 2 – 750 – 600 B.C. – Greeks established colonies – southern Italy and Sicily – …………………… a – cities – prosperous – commercially active – 3 – c.700 B.C. – Etruscans – settled in …………………….. – north of Tiber River – (today – region of ………………………….) – a – culture – 1 – information re: Etruscans comes from ……………………… (“………………………. …………………….”) – 2 – enjoyed chariot races – bull fights – dancing – 3 – women – freedom – near equality with men – 4 – ……………………………….. – 5 – traded with ……………….. and ……………………………. – 6 – drained marshes – paved roads – built sewers (………………………….. drains Roman Forum) – b – government – 1 – monarchy - ……………………………… 2 – symbol of king’s authority – ……………………. (ax enclosed in bundle of rods) – 3 – Senate – advised king – Page 1 C – Roman Republic – 1 – background – a – c.620 B.C. – Etruscans gained control of Rome – b – 534 B.C. – Tarquin the Proud became king – ruled harshly – c – 509 B.C. – Latins drove Tarquins out of Rome – 1 – “………………” – “king” – detested symbol of excessive power – d – 509 B.C. – marks founding of Roman Republic – republic – “......................................................” 2 – Roman social groups – a – Patricians – “……………………………..” – wealthy aristocratic landowners – b – Plebians – majority of population – 1 – ………………… - ………………………… - ………………………. – 2 – could not hold office – c – Patricians and Plebians – 1 – right to vote – 2 – responsible – pay taxes – serve in military – 3 – government – a – Senate – 300 members – patricians – term of office – …………………. – 1 – duties – a – war – controlled appointment of generals and troop levels – b – peace – controlled treasury – collected taxes – c – foreign affairs – ratify (approve) ……………………………………….. – d – appoint provincial governors – 2 – advisory body – opinions had ……………………………………. – b – Consuls – two – elected annually by Senate – 1 – possessed “……………………………” – absolute power during term – 2 – each could issue edict – had force of law – 3 – each could …………….. edict of other – “……………….” – “……………………..” – c – dictator – only during times of emergency/crisis – 1 – appointed by ……………………… 2 – term – …………………….. – 3 – ………………………………………. – d – tribunes – ten – elected by Council of Tribes – 1 – protectors of ……………………………. – 2 – special power – “…………………..” – a – used to stop (perceived) harmful actions by Senate/Consuls – b – negative power – could prevent – could not substitute/pass laws – 4 – Twelve Tables – c.450 B.C. – displayed in ……………………………….. – b – memorized by every Roman citizen – c – source of all Roman ………………………………………… *d – established principle – all free citizens had right to protection under the law – 5 – Roman army – every male citizen (landowner) required to serve – b – used ………………………….. – c – legion(s) – unit of Roman army – 5000 foot soldiers – well-trained – iron discipline – Page 2 D – Punic Wars – Rivalry with Carthage – 1 – First Punic War – 264 – 241 – B.C. – a – military strength – 1 – Carthage – ……………………… 2 – Rome – ……………………….. – b – Rome adopted land tactics at sea – 1 – “………………………..” – “…………………………………” – allowed Romans to use infantry – c – 241 B.C. – Carthage sued for peace – exhausted by long struggle – d – Roman territorial gains – ………………………………………………………………. – e – Carthage paid …………………………….. – $2 million – 2 – Second Punic War – 218 – 201 B.C. – Carthaginian general – Hannibal – a – Carthaginian forces in Spain – 40,000 soldiers – 8000 cavalry – 40 elephants – b – Hannibal crossed …………………………. into ……………….. (modern-day France) – c – crossed Alps into Italy – e – Romans chose ………………………… - Fabius Maximus – 1 – avoided direct confrontation (head-on battle) with Hannibal – 2 – policy unpopular with Romans – replaced at end of term – f – 216 B.C. – Battle of Cannae – (southern Italy) – Hannibal routed Roman army – g – 216 – 202 B.C. – Hannibal unable to gain decisive victory (ies) – 1 – could not lay successful siege to Rome’s walled cities – h – 202 B.C. – Battle of Zama – north Africa – 50 miles – southwest of Carthage – 1 – Roman general – ……………………………… 2 – Rome defeated Hannibal and Carthage – i – Carthage no longer threat – Rome acquired Spain – Carthage paid ....................................... – 3 – Third Punic War – 149 – 146 B.C. – a – 200 – 150 B.C. – Carthage regained (economic) prosperity – no threat to Rome – b – reason (excuse) for war – satisfy greed of wealthy landowners – 1 – represented in Roman Senate by ………………………………………. – ended all speeches with phrase “Carthago delenda est” – “………………………………………” – c – 149 B.C. – Rome declared war on Carthage – 1 – Carthage besieged – cut off from food supplies – 2 – many inhabitants died – …………………….. – survivors ………………………….. – 3 – Carthage – ………………….. and ………………………….. – 4 – rulers of Mediterranean world – Rome extended power from Spain to Egypt – b – by 133 B.C. – Rome called Mediterranean Sea – “……………………………………” – “…………………………………” – End of Section I Section II – The Roman Empire – A – the Republic collapses – 1 – rich, poor and slavery – a – post-Punic Wars – growing social unrest – b – conquered territories and provinces – paid …………………. to Rome – 1 – complained of corrupt officials – stole provincial wealth for personal gain – Page 3 c – latifundia – huge estates – worked by slaves – 1 – provided urban markets with commodities – …………………………………………….. – d – slavery – grew as Rome grew – slave market – Delos – 10,000 slaves per day – 1 – by 100 B.C. – slaves – …………… of Roman population – 2 – 73 – 71 B.C. – slave rebellion – a – 70,000 – led by …………………………………. – b – rebellion put down by ……………………… (Roman general) – 1 – crucified 6000 slaves along ……………………….. (major Roman road) – 3 – slave rebellions costly – $$$$ and troops – e – decline of small farmer – could not compete against latifundia – 1 – unable to compete – could not (re)pay loans and taxes – forced to sell land – 2 – displaced farmers moved to Rome/Roman cities – no jobs – …………………………… a – became part of restless, unemployed mob – 2 – attempts at reform – a – feuding among Rome’s leading families – weakened Republic – violence increased – b – Gracchus/Gracchi brothers – Tiberius and Gaius – both served as …………………………. – 1 – proposed reforms – a – limit size of estates – give land to poor – (Tiberius) – b – sell grain to poor below market price – (Gaius) – 2 – both met violent deaths – 3 – significance of Gracchi – a – Senate (representing interests of wealthy) usurped ……………………………… lost ………………………………………………. – b – demonstrated inability of Rome to resolve problems without resorting to violence – 3 – military upheaval – b – Marius – (Gaius Marius – 157 – 86 B.C.) – Roman general – 1 – 107 B.C. – became …………………………… 2 – created professional army – drawn from ………………………………… a – received ……………………………………………………………… 3 – promised …………… at time of discharge – c – Rome’s professional armies – gave allegiance to generals – not to Rome – d – 88 – 82 B.C. – Marius and Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla) fought for control of Rome – 1 – Sulla drove Marius into exile – Sulla had self appointed ……………………………… 4 – First Triumvirate – 60 B.C. – a – Pompey – (106 – 48 B.C.) – capable military leader – 1 – put down ................................................. – crucified 6000 slaves along Appian Way – b – Crassus – (115 – 53 B.C.) – wealthy patrician – experienced politician – c – Julius Caesar – (100 – 44 B.C.) – able commander – 1 – 59 B.C. – had self appointed proconsul (governor) of Gaul for two five-year terms – 2 – “Commentaries on the Gallic Wars” – a – kept Roman citizens aware of exploits – style – clear and simple – d – 53 B.C. – Crassus died in battle – Pompey – sole consul – e – 49 B.C. – Senate ordered Caesar back to Rome without his army – 1 – Caesar defied order – crossed ……………………….. (southern limit of territory administered by Caesar) – no turning back – considered act of ……………………… - Page 4 f – Caesar the Dictator – 1 – Pompey fled to Egypt – killed by Egyptians – Caesar placed ………………….. on throne – 2 – 46 B.C. – Caesar returned to Rome – appointed …………………………………………….. 5 – Caesar’s program of reform – a – provinces – reduced …………………………….. – granted citizenship to many people – b – poor – 1 – confiscated land – gave to poor – 2 – began public works projects – …………………. – 3 – continued free grain to poor – made people prove need – cut roles by …………… c – most lasting reform – new calendar (……………………………….) – solar calendar – 365 days – d – increased pay for soldiers – 6 – Caesar’s death – many Romans admired Caesar – brought peace and order to Rome – b – conservatives – saw Caesar as tyrant – intent – to become …………….. – c – Roman law – anyone plotting to become king could be killed without trial – d – Ides of March – (March 15, 44 B.C.) – group of Roman senators – 7 – end of the Republic – a – Second Triumvirate – 43 – 31 B.C. – 1 – Octavian – (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) – Caesar’s grandnephew – 2 – Lepidus – (89 – 12 B.C.) – 3 – Marc Antony – (83 – 30 B.C.) – Caesar’s chief general – b – Marc Antony – fell in love and married Egyptian queen, Cleopatra – plotted to control eastern part of Roman Empire – c – 31 B.C. – Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra – 1 – Battle of Actium (naval battle) – Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra – d – 30 B.C. – Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide – e – Octavian – undisputed ruler of Rome – reign marked beginning of Roman Empire – B – Roman Empire – 1 – Pax Romana – “……………………………..” – (27 B.C. – 180 A.D.) – a – 3 million square miles – 60 – 80 million people – population of Rome about 1 million – b – Octavian – (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.) – emperor Augustus – “exalted one” – “majestic” – additional offices – 1 – ………………………. – veto power – 2 – ……………………….. – cast first vote in Roman senate – “…………………………..” – 3 – ……………………….. – could remove unworthy men from office – 4 – …………………………. – supreme military commander – c – Julian-Claudian Emperors – (14 – 68 A.D.) – 1 – Tiberius – (14 – 37 A.D.) – 2 – Caligula – (37 – 41 A.D.) – “…………………………” - (Gaius Caesar Germanicus) – 3 – Claudius – (41 – 54 A.D.) – poisoned by 4th wife, ……………………………….. – …………………………………… 4 – Nero – (54 – 68 A.D.) – a – killed mother and wife – b – July 18, 64 A.D. – fire – 9 days – 2/3 of city …………………….. – c – 68 A.D. – suicide – knife to throat – Page 5 d – Flavian Emperors – (69 – 96 A.D.) – 1 – Vespasian – (69 – 79 A.D.) – taxed everything (necessity) – began Colosseum 2 – Titus – (79 – 81 A.D.) – a – completed Colosseum – b – 79 A.D. – …………………………… erupted – destroyed ………………………… 3 – Domitian – (81 – 96 A.D.) – a – severe persecutions – ……………… and ……………………….. - ………………… b – 96 A.D. – murdered by court officials in palace conspiracy – e – Good Emperors – (96 – 180 A.D.) – 1 – Nerva – (96 – 98 A.D.) – 2 – Trajan – (98 – 117 A.D.) – empire reached its greatest size – 3 – Hadrian – (117 – 138 A.D.) – a – chose to establish ……………………………………. – 1 – Hadrian’s Wall – 73 miles long – Great Britain – b – tomb – built along Tiber River – very large – 1 – Middle Ages – …………………………… 2 – today – …………………………………………… 4 – Antonius Pius – (138 – 161 A.D.) – 5 – Marcus Aurelius – (161 – 180 A.D.) – Stoic Philosopher – “Meditations” – 2 – sound government – a – vast empire held together – efficient government – able rulers – b – effective civil service – carried out day-to-day operations – C – The Roman World – 1 – Roman values –discipline – loyalty – strength – self-sacrifice – 2 – family – …………………………………………. – a – …………………………………………….. – absolute head of the family – 1 – deep sense of responsibility for welfare of members of family b – wives/women – few legal rights – c – children – grew up with ……………………………………………….. – 3 – public amusements – way to control ………………………………………………………………. – a – government officials offered “………………………………………..” – b – Circus Maximus – 250,000 seat capacity – 1 – chariot races – charioteers – heroes – 2 – betting popular – c – Colosseum – 50,000 seat capacity – gladiator fights – End of Section II Section III – Rise of Christianity – A – Judaism and the Roman Empire – 1 – generally – Romans tolerant of religions in Empire – a – tolerance predicated on 1 – citizens honor ……………………………….. – 2 – acknowledge divine spirit of ……………………………………….. – b – polytheism of many made acceptance of Roman conditions easy – Page 6 2 – Jewish rebellion – a – 69 B.C. – Rome controlled Jewish territory – b – ferment – (unrest) – 1 – many Jews absorbed Hellenistic customs/ideas – a – concern re: weakening of religion – b – Jewish reformers called for strict adherence to Jewish laws/traditions – 2 – political turmoil – ……………………… called for Jewish rebellion v. Rome – regain independence – (ardently patriotic, warlike group of Jews in Judea – advocated violent overthrow of Romans – c – 66 A.D. – rebellion – by 70 A.D. – Roman forces crushed rebellion – 1 – captured Jerusalem – destroyed temple – only ………………………….. remained intact – (a/k/a – ………………………………….) – d – 73 A.D. – Masada – hilltop fortress near Dead Sea – 1 – Zealots resisted Romans for three years – 2 – committed (mass) suicide to avoid capture by Romans – e – 132 A.D. – unsuccessful rebellion – Jews banned from Jerusalem – 1 – forced to live in other parts of Med. Region and Near East (Middle East) – dispersal of Jews called “………………………………..” – (Greek – “…………………………..”) – B – Jesus of Nazareth – no contemporary sources – 1 – Gospels – “…………………………..” – …………………………………………………. – a – “………………………….” Gospels – (…………………………………….) – present similar, not identical, information – b – John’s Gospel – reports what Jesus said – 2 – Jesus’ life – a – Jesus – Greek version of Hebrew …………………………… b – born and educated ……………………………. – c – teachings viewed as radical from Orthodox Jewish teaching 3 – message – a – basic teaching – people should help one another – love God – repent sins – accept God’s forgiveness – b – prominent – concern for poor – 4 – Jewish leaders hated Jesus – associated with …………………………………………………… 5 – selected twelve “apostles” (Greek – “……………………………………..”) – 6 – death on Cross – a – 33 A.D. – arrested under order of ……………………….. – 1 – accusation – ……………………………………………. – b – crucified – ………………………………………………………………………………….. – (…………………………………………………………………………………) – C – Spread of Christianity – 1 – Paul (of Tarsus – city – Asia Minor) – a – educated as …………………… -underwent conversion – b – preached to ………………………………….. – c – wrote letters (……………………………) interpreting Jesus’ teachings – 2 – persecution – refused to worship Roman emperors and Roman gods – a – ……………………………. – during times of trouble – e.g., fire – Rome – Nero – Page 7 3 – survival of Christianity – a – appeal of Christianity – equality of all in God’s eyes – 1 – poor and oppressed – ……………………………………………… 2 – attracted educated people – because of ideas re: ………………………………………….. – b – people impressed by martyrs – people willing to die for religion – “The blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Christian church” D – Romans adopt Christianity – 1 – legend – 312 A.D. – Constantine led army at ……………………………………. (near Rome) a – flaming cross appeared in sky – beneath cross – “In hoc signo vinces” – (“…………………… ………………………………………………………………”) – b – Constantine ordered cross painted on soldiers’ shields – won battle – credited Christian God – 2 – 313 A.D. – Emperor Constantine issued …………………………. – extended toleration to all religions in Roman Empire – 3 – 380 A.D. – Emperor Theodosius – decreed Christianity official religion of Roman Empire – E – early Church – 1 – structure – a – ………………………. – led by local priest – b – ……………………….. – led by bishop – region of several parishes – c – ……………………………… - governed Christians in larger cities of Roman Empires – 1 – ……………….. - ……………………… - ………………… - ………………………… 2 – Church councils – meetings of Christian bishops – a – discuss questions – resolve disputes re: Church beliefs b – 325 A.D. – Council of Nicaea – Nicene Creed – defined basic beliefs of the Church – End of Section III Section IV – Fall of the Roman Empire – A – Century of Crisis – 1 – death of Marcus Aurelius (180 A.D.) marked end of Pax Romana – began period of violence and corruption – a – 192 – 284 A.D. – army installed 28 emperors – men of little ability – all but one died violently – b – Roman armies fought one another – 1 – borders unprotected – attacks by Germanic tribes – (repeated and successful) – 2 – economic decline – political instability led to economic decline – a – warfare 1 – disrupted ………………………………………… 2 – destroyed ……………………………… - food shortages – prices …………………… b – increased taxes – used to pay soldiers – (generals had to raise wages) – 1 – many farmers abandoned land – tax income to government decreased – B – emperors attempt reform – 1 – Diocletian – (r.285 – 305 A.D.) – a – divided empire into two parts – 1 – Eastern Roman Empire – ruled by Diocletian 2 – Western Roman Empire - ruled by co-emperor Maximian – Page 8 c – reforms – 1 – Edict of Prices – (to control inflation) – violation – death penalty – complete ....................... a – maximum prices – goods and services – b – froze wages – 2 – Constantine – (r.312 – 337 A. D) – declared most jobs ………………………………… b – 330 A.D. – new capital of Eastern Roman Empire – Byzantium – renamed Constantinople – (today ………………………………….) – 1 – located on ………………………………….. – connects Black Sea and Aegean Sea – good …………………….. and ……………………………….. – 3 – following death of Constantine – empire divided once again – East survived – West fell – C – Western Empire crumbles – 1 – Germanic tribes began successful penetration of Western/Central Europe – sought a – …………………………………………. – better …………………………………………… c – share of Rome’s wealth – d – most fleeing Huns – nomadic invaders from central Asia – 2 – Huns – a – led by ………………………… - “…………………………………..” – b – 431 A.D. – began savage campaign across Europe c – 451 A.D. – Battle of Chalons – 1 – Huns defeated by army of Romans and Visigoths (Germanic tribe) – 2 – Huns also defeated by …………………… and …………………………… D – End of the Western Roman Empire – 1 – 455 A.D. – Rome attacked and sacked by …………………….. (Germanic tribe) – 2 – 476 A.D. – Odoacer, leader of Ostrogoths – seized control of Rome – b – overthrew (deposed) Emperor Romulus Augustus (14 years old) – *** c – date used for fall of Rome – 4 – causes of downfall – complex series of events – a – military causes – 1 – Roman army – lack of ………………………………… and ……………………….. – 2 – reliance on ……………………………. – little/no loyalty to Rome – b – political causes – 1 – government – ………………………………………………………. – a – lost support of people – officials corrupt – 2 – civil wars followed each imperial succession – consumed ………………………………… c – economic causes – 1 – ruinous …………..– 2 – economic …………………………………… 3 – reliance on ……………………………….. – discouraged development of ………………. and …………………………………………….. – d – social causes – 1 – decline in values – ………………………………………………………………………….. – 2 – upper class withdrew from public/urban life to rural/self-sufficient manor farms – End of Section IV Page 9 Section V – Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization – A – Legacy of Rome – 1 – Roman law – greatest legacy of Roman civilization – a – two systems of law – 1 – civil law – ………………………………. – applied to all Roman citizens – 2 – law of nations – …………………………….. – international law – b – Roman law (generally) stressed authority of ………………… over ……………………… c – most important principles – 1 – all persons had right to equal treatment under the law – 2 – innocent until proven guilty – 3 – person should be punished for actions, not thoughts – 4 – burden of proof rests upon accuser, not accused – 5 – guilt must be established “clearer than daylight” through evidence – 2 – architecture, engineering and science – a – architecture – 1 – Greek influence – columns – ………………………………………………. – 2 – improvements – …………………………………………….. – a – most famous dome – ………………………………… b – engineering – extension of Romans’ …………………………………. – 1 – areas of Roman excellence – ……………………………………………… 2 – Appian Way – 4th century B.C. – connected Rome with southern Italy – 3 – Pax Romana – roads linked Rome with provinces – contributed to Roman unity – 40,000 miles of roads – 4 – ……………………………….. – bridge-like structures – brought fresh water to Roman cities from great distances – 3 – language and literature – a – Latin – ……………………………….. – common language of Europe up through 16th century – 1 – basis of Romance languages – …………………………………………………………… 2 – Latin provides “roots” for over 50% of English words b – literature – 1 – Cicero – (106 – 43 B.C.) – Roman senator – published beautifully written speeches – 2 – Ovid – (43 B.C. – 17 A.D.) – Roman poet – “Metamorphoses” – linked Rome to Greece through tales of Greek and Roman gods – 3 – Horace – (65 – 8 B.C.) – Roman poet – “Odes” – wrote of the shortness of life and rewards of companionship – 4 – Vergil – (70 – 19 B.C.) – Roman poet – a –“Aenied” – epic poem – comparable to those of Homer b – tried to depict Rome’s past as heroic age – goal – arouse ………………………….. – 5 – Livy – (59 B.C. – 17 A.D.) – Roman historian – a – wrote monumental history of Rome – b – glorified early Rome – hoped to raise patriotism and traditional values – 6 – Tacitus – (56 – 117 A.D.) – historian – a – condemned tyranny of Augustus and Julio-Claudian emperors – b – “Germania” – contrasted robust lives of Germans and weak and pleasure-loving Romans End of Chapter 6