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Transcript
Unit 6: Adaptations Over Time Ch 12: pages 332-353 Ideas About Evolution Millions animals • __________ of species or plants, __________, and other organisms live on Earth today organisms similar • __________a group of ____________ that share ________ Species reproduce among themselves to characteristics and can ___________ produce _______ fertile offspring Wildcats Share • Do you think all the species on Earth are exactly the same as they were thousands or even millions of years ago, or do you think any of them have changed? Ideas About Evolution Evolution characteristics over • ___________-changes in inherited _______________ _______ time Ideas About Evolution Jean Baptiste hypothesis • ______ ________ de Lamarck proposed a ____________ to change over time explain how species _________ inheritance of __________ acquired • His hypothesis was called the ____________ traits traits parent organism’s • It states that ________ developed during a ________ lifetime are inherited by its __________ offspring • Ex: Large muscles in a parent developed by hard work aren’t passed to offspring studied this idea and found the evidence _______ didn’t • Scientists ________ support Lamarck’s hypothesis Ideas About Evolution South HMS ________ Beagle • An English ship the _____ set out to explore _______ America Charles Darwin • On board was young naturalist ________ ________ Galápagos variety of life on the ____________ • He was amazed by the _________ islands hypothesized the animals here must have come from • Darwin ______________ _________ central and South America species Darwin had • However, the islands were home to many ________ not seen in South America Ideas About Evolution finches on the Galápagos 13 species of _________ • Darwin observed _____ Islands body size, beak • They were all similar except for differences in ______ ________, and ________ shape eating habits species seen in • All these finches were similar to one finch ________ ________ South America food • Darwin reasoned that these finches had to compete for _______ shape that allowed them to eat • Finches with a beak ________ available food survived longer and produced more _________ offspring _________ finches became separate ________ • Eventually these groups of ________ species Ideas About Evolution • After Darwin returned to England he continued to think about and study the _____________ observations he had made evidence on __________ inherited traits by breeding • He collected more __________ racing _________ pigeons dogs and varieties of ________ flowers • He also studied breeds of ______ theory of __________ evolution that is accepted by • He developed a ________ most scientists today Ideas About Evolution experiments on __________ inherited • Many other scientists conducted _____________ characteristics based on Darwin’s _____________ observations • After many years Darwin’s ideas became known as the theory of evolution by _________ natural selection __________ traits best suited to Natural selection • _________ _________-organisms with _______ their _____________ environment are more likely to survive and __________ reproduce passed to more __________ offspring • These traits are _________ Ideas About Evolution population is all of the ___________ individuals of a species living in • A ___________ area the same ______ large population compete for ________ living • Members of a _______ space, ______, food and other __________ resources survive are more likely to • Those that are best able to _________ generation reproduce and _______ pass on their traits to the next ____________ Ideas About Evolution • Principles of Natural Selection more offspring than can ________ survive 1. Organisms produce _______ variations occur among individuals of a 2. Differences, or ___________, species _________ passed to offspring 3. Some variations are _________ helpful Individuals with helpful 4. Some variations are ________. survive and reproduce better than those without variations ________ these variations Ideas About Evolution • Principles of natural selection (continued) offspring of individuals with helpful 5. Over time, the __________ ___________ population and eventually variations make up more of a ____________ may become a separate _________ species Ideas About Evolution theory of natural selection emphasizes the • Darwin’s ________ ___________ differences among individuals of a ________ species inherited trait that makes an individual • ___________-an ___________ Variations _________ different from other members of its species permanent changes, or mutations, in • Variations result from ____________ an organism’s ________ genes individuals of the species might • Over time, more and more ___________ inherit these variations Ideas About Evolution variations continue to survive and • If individuals with certain __________ ___________ reproduce over many generations, a new species can _______ evolve Adaptations variations that make an organism better • _____________any ___________ suited to its _____________ environment adaptation can involve an • The variations that result in an ___________ organisms _______, or chemical makeup color shape, ___________, behavior Camouflage is an adaptation • _____________ Wildcats Share • Infer how its coloration gives this scorpion fish a survival advantage. • Infer what might happen to an albino lemur in its natural environment Ideas About Evolution genetic makeup of a species might change its • Over time, the _________ _____________ appearance • Many kinds of ______________ environmental factors help bring about __________ changes same species move into or out of • When and individual of the _______ an area, they might _______ bring or remove genes and ___________ variations country • This could be compared to a family from another __________ moving into your ______________ neighborhood and bringing different foods, __________ customs and way of speaking Ideas About Evolution lakes lakes, or other ___________ geological features • Sometimes _______, isolate a _______number of individuals from the rest of a small ____________ population don’t exist in the • Over several generations, variations that _______ ________ larger population might begin to be more common in the _________ isolated population Mutations can also occur causing variations to populations • ____________ different that • Over time, the two populations can become so __________ they no longer can ________ breed with each other Ideas About Evolution agree on how _________ quickly evolution occurs • Scientists do not ________ evidence supports both of these • Most scientists agree that __________ models evolution happens slowly • Darwin hypothesized that __________ Gradualism model that describes evolution as a • ____________the ________ _______, ongoing process by which one species __________ slow changes to a new species mutations and • According to this model, a continuing series of ___________ variations over time will ________ result in a new species Ideas About Evolution Punctuated equilibrium rapid • ____________ ___________- this model shows that ________ genes evolution comes about when the mutation of a few ________ appearance of a new species over a relatively results in the ____________ ______ short period of time thousand or million years • This could happen over a few __________ Bacteria can change in just a few _________ decades • _________ Clues About Evolution fossils these • Most of the evidence for evolution comes from ________, are the __________, an imprint, or a trace of a ____________ remains prehistoric organism sedimentary rock • Most fossils are found in _____________ Sedimentary______rock formed when ________ layers of sand, silt, mud, • ___________ clay are compacted and ___________ cemented together, or when or ______ __________ minerals are deposited from a solution limestone • Fossils are found more often in ___________ • The fossil record provides evidence that living things have evolved Clues About Evolution ages of rocks • Two basic methods can be used to estimate the _______ and ________ fossils Relative _______ dating which is based on • One of these methods is ________ undisturbed areas, __________ younger rock layers the idea that in _____________ are deposited on top of older rock layers estimate of a fossil’s age • Provides only an ___________ ages of rock layers • The estimate is made by comparing the _______ found ________ above and below the fossil layer Clues About Evolution age of a rock layer can be • A more accurate estimate of the ______ found by using ____________ radioactive elements Radioactive_________element steady • __________ an element that gives off a ________ amount of radiation as it slowly changes to a _______________ nonradioactive element comparing • Scientists can estimate the age of a rock by ____________ the amount of ____________ radioactive element with the amount of nonradioactive element in the rock Clues About Evolution precise because the • This type of dating is not always _________ _________ original amount of radioactive element in the rock can never the determined for ________ certain Clues About Evolution record of organisms that lived in the past • Fossils provide a ________ incomplete book • The fossil record is _____________, or has gaps, like a _______ with missing pages gaps exist because _______ most organisms do not become • The _______ fossils simpler • By looking at fossils scientists conclude that many _________ forms of life existed ________ earlier in Earth’s history, and more _________ complex forms of life appeared ________ later indirect evidence that evolution has occurred • Fossils provide _________ Clues About Evolution models that show what • Scientists can use fossils to make _________ organisms might have ________ looked like • Scientists can sometimes determine whether organisms lived in family groups or alone, what types of _______ food they ate, _________ what kind of _____________they lived in, and many other things environment about them extinct organisms • Most fossils represent _________ Clues About Evolution directly • Sometime evolution can be observed _________ penicillin resistant bacteria or pesticide • This is seen in ___________ resistant __________ insects indirect evidence for evolution exist • Many examples of _________ embryo structure, the chemical • They include similarities in __________ DNA and the way organisms makeup of organisms including _______, adults develop into ________ Clues About Evolution development Embryology • ____________-the study of embryos and their ______________ earliest • An embryo is the __________ growth stage of an organism Wildcats Share • What do the structures shown have in common? Clues About Evolution different functions, each of these • Although they have __________ same kind of bones structures is made up of the ________ Homologous origin and • _____________body parts that are similar in ________ structure structures can be similar in __________ function • Homologous ___________ • They often indicate that two or more species share a common __________ ancestor Clues About Evolution Vestigial structures • _________ _________- structures that don’t seem to have a __________ function whales legs • Manatees, snakes, and ________no longer have back _______, pelvic bone but like all animals with legs, they still have a ________ appendix is a vestigial structure • The human ___________ hypothesize that vestigial structures are body parts • Scientist _____________ ancestor that once functioned in an __________ Clues About Evolution DNA from living organisms to identify • Scientists compare ______ ____________ similarities among species ancient DNA often provide additional • Examinations of _________ evidence of how some species evolved from their ________ extinct ___________ ancestors DNA scientists also can determine how closely • By looking at ______ related organisms are _________ common ancestry Similar DNA also can suggest __________ • _________ The Evolution of Primates Primates mammals including humans, • __________a group of ___________ monkeys and apes, that _______ share characteristics such as opposable _________, binocular vision (gives ability to judge thumbs distances ___________), and flexible shoulders that allow their arms to ________ rotate The Evolution of Primates Hominid four • __________humanlike primate that appeared about _______ million to six million years ago, ate both ________ plants and meat, and walked upright on two legs gorillas • Share characteristics with _________, orangutans, and brain chimpanzees, but a larger _________ separate them from the apes small • A fossil skull was discovered in South Africa, it has a ________ jaw and teeth space for a brain but it has a humanlike ______ • Named Australopithecus was one of the oldest ___________ hominids discovered The Evolution of Primates complete skeleton of Australopithecus was • Later an almost-__________ discovered in northern Africa Lucy and had a small brain but was • This fossil was called _______ upright thought to have walked __________ The Evolution of Primates human • A hominid fossil, more ________-like that Australopithecus was discovered in Africa Homo habilis • It was named _______ _______ meaning “handy man” because tools were found near him simple stone _______ • This fossil was _____ 1.5 million to ____ 2 million years old • Based on fossil comparisons, scientists have suggested Homo habilis gave rise to _______ ________ about _____ Homo erectus 1.6 million years ago The Evolution of Primates larger brain • Homo erectus had a _______ Europe • This hominid traveled to ______ Asia and possibly _________ ancestors • Homo habilis and Homo erectus are thought to be ___________ larger brains and more humanof humans because they has ________ like _________ features The Evolution of Primates fossil record indicates Homo sapiens evolved about • The _______ _________ 400,000 years ago Homo ________sapiens humans that likely evolved from • ______ early __________ Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons The Evolution of Primates Neanderthals had short, heavy bodies, with ______ thick bones, • _____________ small chins and _______ heavy brow ridges family groups lived in _______ caves and used well-made ________ stone • ________ tools to hunt large animals • They disappeared from the fossil record about ________ 30,000 years ago The Evolution of Primates Cro-Magnon fossils have been found in _________, Europe • _____________ Asia, and Australia and date from ________ 10,000 to about 40,000 years in age 1.6 m to _____ 1.7 m tall, their physical appearance • Standing about _____ modern humans was almost the same as that of _________ buried • They lived in _______, their caves made stone carvings, and _________ dead art has been found on the walls of caves • The oldest record of _____ where these early humans lived direct • Cro-Magnon are thought to be ________ ancestors of early humans
