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Transcript
Unit 6: Adaptations Over
Time
Ch 12: pages 332-353
Ideas About Evolution
Millions
animals
• __________
of species or plants, __________,
and other
organisms live on Earth today
organisms
similar
• __________a group of ____________
that share ________
Species
reproduce among themselves to
characteristics and can ___________
produce _______
fertile offspring
Wildcats Share
• Do you think all the species on Earth are exactly the same as they
were thousands or even millions of years ago, or do you think
any of them have changed?
Ideas About Evolution
Evolution
characteristics over
• ___________-changes
in inherited _______________
_______
time
Ideas About Evolution
Jean Baptiste
hypothesis
• ______
________ de Lamarck proposed a ____________
to
change over time
explain how species _________
inheritance of __________
acquired
• His hypothesis was called the ____________
traits
traits
parent organism’s
• It states that ________
developed during a ________
lifetime are inherited by its __________
offspring
• Ex: Large muscles in a parent developed by hard work aren’t passed
to offspring
studied this idea and found the evidence _______
didn’t
• Scientists ________
support Lamarck’s hypothesis
Ideas About Evolution
South
HMS ________
Beagle
• An English ship the _____
set out to explore _______
America
Charles Darwin
• On board was young naturalist ________
________
Galápagos
variety of life on the ____________
• He was amazed by the _________
islands
hypothesized the animals here must have come from
• Darwin ______________
_________
central and South America
species Darwin had
• However, the islands were home to many ________
not seen in South America
Ideas About Evolution
finches on the Galápagos
13 species of _________
• Darwin observed _____
Islands
body size, beak
• They were all similar except for differences in ______
________,
and ________
shape
eating habits
species seen in
• All these finches were similar to one finch ________
________
South America
food
• Darwin reasoned that these finches had to compete for _______
shape that allowed them to eat
• Finches with a beak ________
available food survived longer and produced more _________
offspring
_________
finches became separate ________
• Eventually these groups of ________
species
Ideas About Evolution
• After Darwin returned to England he continued to think about
and study the _____________
observations he had made
evidence on __________
inherited traits by breeding
• He collected more __________
racing _________
pigeons
dogs and varieties of ________
flowers
• He also studied breeds of ______
theory of __________
evolution that is accepted by
• He developed a ________
most scientists today
Ideas About Evolution
experiments on __________
inherited
• Many other scientists conducted _____________
characteristics based on Darwin’s _____________
observations
• After many years Darwin’s ideas became known as the theory of
evolution by _________
natural selection
__________
traits best suited to
Natural selection
• _________
_________-organisms with _______
their _____________
environment are more likely to survive and __________
reproduce
passed to more __________
offspring
• These traits are _________
Ideas About Evolution
population is all of the ___________
individuals of a species living in
• A ___________
area
the same ______
large population compete for ________
living
• Members of a _______
space,
______,
food and other __________
resources
survive are more likely to
• Those that are best able to _________
generation
reproduce and _______
pass on their traits to the next ____________
Ideas About Evolution
• Principles of Natural Selection
more offspring than can ________
survive
1. Organisms produce _______
variations occur among individuals of a
2. Differences, or ___________,
species
_________
passed to offspring
3. Some variations are _________
helpful Individuals with helpful
4. Some variations are ________.
survive and reproduce better than those without
variations ________
these variations
Ideas About Evolution
• Principles of natural selection (continued)
offspring of individuals with helpful
5. Over time, the __________
___________
population and eventually
variations make up more of a ____________
may become a separate _________
species
Ideas About Evolution
theory of natural selection emphasizes the
• Darwin’s ________
___________
differences among individuals of a ________
species
inherited trait that makes an individual
• ___________-an
___________
Variations
_________
different from other members of its species
permanent changes, or mutations, in
• Variations result from ____________
an organism’s ________
genes
individuals of the species might
• Over time, more and more ___________
inherit these variations
Ideas About Evolution
variations continue to survive and
• If individuals with certain __________
___________
reproduce over many generations, a new species can _______
evolve
Adaptations
variations that makes an organism
• _____________any ___________
better suited to its _____________
environment
adaptation can involve an
• The variations that result in an ___________
organisms _______,
or chemical makeup
color shape, ___________,
behavior
Camouflage is an adaptation
• _____________
Wildcats Share
• Infer how its coloration gives this scorpion fish a survival
advantage.
• Infer what might happen to an albino lemur in its natural
environment
Ideas About Evolution
genetic makeup of a species might change its
• Over time, the _________
_____________
appearance
• Many kinds of ______________
environmental factors help bring about
__________
changes
same species move into or out of
• When and individual of the _______
an area, they might _______
bring or remove genes and ___________
variations
country
• This could be compared to a family from another __________
moving into your ______________
neighborhood and bringing different foods,
__________
customs and way of speaking
Ideas About Evolution
lakes lakes, or other ___________
geological features
• Sometimes _______,
isolate a _______number
of individuals from the rest of a
small
____________
population
don’t exist in the
• Over several generations, variations that _______
________
larger population might begin to be more common in the
_________
isolated population
Mutations can also occur causing variations to populations
• ____________
different that
• Over time, the two populations can become so __________
they no longer can ________
breed with each other
Ideas About Evolution
agree on how _________
quickly evolution occurs
• Scientists do not ________
evidence supports both of these
• Most scientists agree that __________
models
evolution happens slowly
• Darwin hypothesized that __________
Gradualism
model that describes evolution as a
• ____________the ________
_______,
ongoing process by which one species __________
slow
changes to a
new species
mutations and
• According to this model, a continuing series of ___________
variations over time will ________
result in a new species
Ideas About Evolution
Punctuated equilibrium
rapid
• ____________
___________- this model shows that ________
genes
evolution comes about when the mutation of a few ________
appearance of a new species over a relatively
results in the ____________
______
short period of time
thousand or million years
• This could happen over a few __________
Bacteria can change in just a few _________
decades
• _________
Clues About Evolution
fossils these
• Most of the evidence for evolution comes from ________,
are the __________,
an imprint, or a trace of a ____________
remains
prehistoric
organism
sedimentary rock
• Most fossils are found in _____________
Sedimentary______rock formed when ________
layers of sand, silt, mud,
• ___________
clay are compacted and ___________
cemented together, or when
or ______
__________
minerals are deposited from a solution
limestone
• Fossils are found more often in ___________
• The fossil record provides evidence that living things have evolved
Clues About Evolution
ages of rocks
• Two basic methods can be used to estimate the _______
and ________
fossils
Relative _______
dating which is based on
• One of these methods is ________
undisturbed areas, __________
younger rock layers
the idea that in _____________
are deposited on top of older rock layers
estimate of a fossil’s age
• Provides only an ___________
ages of rock layers
• The estimate is made by comparing the _______
found ________
above and below the fossil layer
Clues About Evolution
age of a rock layer can be
• A more accurate estimate of the ______
found by using ____________
radioactive elements
Radioactive_________element
steady
• __________
an element that gives off a ________
amount of radiation as it slowly changes to a _______________
nonradioactive
element
comparing
• Scientists can estimate the age of a rock by ____________
the
amount of ____________
radioactive element with the amount of
nonradioactive element in the rock
Clues About Evolution
precise because the
• This type of dating is not always _________
_________
original amount of radioactive element in the rock can never
the determined for ________
certain
Clues About Evolution
record of organisms that lived in the past
• Fossils provide a ________
incomplete
book
• The fossil record is _____________,
or has gaps, like a _______
with missing pages
gaps exist because _______
most organisms do not become
• The _______
fossils
simpler
• By looking at fossils scientists conclude that many _________
forms of life existed ________
earlier in Earth’s history, and more
_________
complex forms of life appeared ________
later
indirect evidence that evolution has occurred
• Fossils provide _________
Clues About Evolution
models that show what
• Scientists can use fossils to make _________
organisms might have ________
looked like
• Scientists can sometimes determine whether organisms lived in
family groups or alone, what types of _______
food they ate,
_________
what kind of _____________they
lived in, and many other things
environment
about them
extinct organisms
• Most fossils represent _________
Clues About Evolution
directly
• Sometime evolution can be observed _________
penicillin resistant bacteria or pesticide
• This is seen in ___________
resistant __________
insects
indirect evidence for evolution exist
• Many examples of _________
embryo structure, the chemical
• They include similarities in __________
DNA and the way organisms
makeup of organisms including _______,
adults
develop into ________
Clues About Evolution
development
Embryology
• ____________-the
study of embryos and their ______________
earliest
• An embryo is the __________
growth stage of an organism
Wildcats Share
• What do the structures shown have in common?
Clues About Evolution
different functions, each of these
• Although they have __________
same kind of bones
structures is made up of the ________
Homologous
origin and
• _____________body parts that are similar in ________
structure
structures can be similar in __________
function
• Homologous ___________
• They often indicate that two or more species share a common
__________
ancestor
Clues About Evolution
Vestigial structures
• _________
_________- structures that don’t seem to have a
__________
function
whales
legs
• Manatees, snakes, and ________no
longer have back _______,
pelvic bone
but like all animals with legs, they still have a ________
appendix is a vestigial structure
• The human ___________
hypothesize that vestigial structures are body parts
• Scientist _____________
ancestor
that once functioned in an __________
Clues About Evolution
DNA from living organisms to identify
• Scientists compare ______
____________
similarities among species
ancient DNA often provide additional
• Examinations of _________
evidence of how some species evolved from their ________
extinct
___________
ancestors
DNA scientists also can determine how closely
• By looking at ______
related organisms are
_________
common ancestry
Similar DNA also can suggest __________
• _________
The Evolution of Primates
Primates
mammals including humans,
• __________a groups of ___________
monkeys and apes, that _______
share characteristics such as
opposable _________,
binocular vision (gives ability to judge
thumbs
distances
___________),
and flexible shoulders that allow their arms to
________
rotate
The Evolution of Primates
Hominid
four
• __________humanlike primate that appeared about _______
million to six million years ago, ate both ________
plants and meat, and
walked upright on two legs
gorillas
• Share characteristics with _________,
orangutans, and
brain
chimpanzees, but a larger _________
separate them from the
apes
small
• A fossil skull was discovered in South Africa, it has a ________
jaw and teeth
space for a brain but it has a humanlike ______
• Named Australopithecus was one of the oldest ___________
hominids
discovered
The Evolution of Primates
complete skeleton of Australopithecus was
• Later an almost-__________
discovered in northern Africa
Lucy and had a small brain but was
• This fossil was called _______
upright
thought to have walked __________
The Evolution of Primates
human
• A hominid fossil, more ________-like
that Australopithecus was
discovered in Africa
Homo habilis
• It was named _______
_______ meaning “handy man” because
tools were found near him
simple stone _______
• This fossil was _____
1.5 million to ____
2 million years old
• Based on fossil comparisons, scientists have suggested Homo
habilis gave rise to _______
________ about _____
Homo erectus
1.6 million years
ago
The Evolution of Primates
larger brain
• Homo erectus had a _______
Europe
• This hominid traveled to ______
Asia and possibly _________
ancestors
• Homo habilis and Homo erectus are thought to be ___________
larger brains and more humanof humans because they has ________
like _________
features
The Evolution of Primates
fossil record indicates Homo sapiens evolved about
• The _______
_________
400,000 years ago
Homo ________sapiens
humans that likely evolved from
• ______
early __________
Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons
The Evolution of Primates
Neanderthals had short, heavy bodies, with ______
thick bones,
• _____________
small chins and _______
heavy brow ridges
family groups lived in _______
caves and used well-made ________
stone
• ________
tools to hunt large animals
• They disappeared from the fossil record about ________
30,000 years
ago
The Evolution of Primates
Cro-Magnon fossils have been found in _________,
Europe
• _____________
Asia, and
Australia and date from ________
10,000 to about 40,000 years in age
1.6 m to _____
1.7 m tall, their physical appearance
• Standing about _____
modern humans
was almost the same as that of _________
buried
• They lived in _______,
their
caves made stone carvings, and _________
dead
art has been found on the walls of caves
• The oldest record of _____
where these early humans lived
direct
• Cro-Magnon are thought to be ________
ancestors of early humans