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Asepsis
Chapter 10
Bethann Davis MSN,NP
Quincy College PNU145 Fall2015
Asepsis
• Learning objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be
able to:
define microorganisms and pathogens
list the six components in the chain
of infection
name factors to break the chain of infection
Asepsis
define nosocomial infections
differentiate between medical and
surgical asepsis
list common medical aseptic practices
Microorganisms
• Living plants, animals visible only with a
microscope
• Commonly called germs
Microorganisms
Divided in to 2 groups
Pathogens
Nonpathogens (normal flora)
Microorganisms
• Many of these will reside within the body
without causing diseases
• Some will cause an infection or infectious
diseases
Types of Pathogens
• Pathogens-are micro-organisms or microbes
that cause infection
• Bacteria (Staphylococcus, E-coli, strep)
• Viruses ( HIV, hepatitis, herpes zoster/simplex,
ebola)
• Fungi Molds and yeasts (Candida albicans,
Alpergillus)
• Prions Protein particles
Pathogens
• Parasites Protozoa (malaria, toxoplasmosis)
and helminths ( worms)
• Virulence is the ability of a pathogen to invade
and injure a host
Microorganisms
• Chain of infection:
1. Infectious agent
2. Reservoir for growth
3. Exit route from reservoir
4. Means of transmission
5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host
Microorganisms
• Chain of infection
Microorganisms
• Chain of infection
1. infectious agent
Bacteria, virus, fungus, prior, parasite
2. reservoir for growth
Human, animal, water, soil, insect
Chain of infection
• 3. Exit route from reservoir
• 4. Means of transmission
Microorganisms
• Chain of infection (cont)
5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host
Infection Process
Chain of infection
• Causative agent (bacteria, fungus, parasite)
• Reservoir (human, water, soil, insect)
• Portal of exit from (means of leaving) the host
-Respiratory tract (droplet,airborne)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and strep pn
-Gastrointestinal tract
Ecoli, hepatitis A, herpes virus
Chain of infection
• Skin/MM
-herpes and varicella
Blood/body fluids
-HIV,hep B and C
Mode of transmission
• Contact
-direct, indirect, fecal oral
Droplet
-sneezing, coughing, talking
Airborne
-sneezing, coughing
Vector borne
-Animals or insects (ticks, mosquitoes)
Portal of entry to the host
• May be same as portal or exit
• Susceptible host
-Compromised defense mechanism
(immunocompromised, breaks in skin) leave
host more susceptible
Immune Defenses
• Nonspecific innate immunity
-temportary immunity
-intact skin
-MM, secretions, phagocytic cells, protective
protein
-inflammatory response
Immune Defenses
• Specific adaptive immunity
-Requires time to react
-Provides permanent immunity
-Involves B- and T lymphocytes
-Produces specific antibodies
Infection Control (IC)
• An infection occurs when the presence of a
pathogen leads to a chain of events. All
compartments must be present and intact for
the infection to occur.
• Nurses use IC practices (medical/surgical
asepsis, standard precautions) to break the
chain and stop the spread of infection.
Microorganisms
• Nosocomial infections:
an infection acquired while client was
in healthcare facility
ex. pneumonia, urinary
Asepsis
• Asepsis: practices that decrease or
eliminate infectious agents,
their reservoirs, and vehicles
for transmission
Health care professionals use both
medical and surgical asepsis to prevent
spread of infections.
Asepsis
• Medical asepsis:
reduces number of organisms
measures that interfere with the
chain of infection.
Infection Process
Chain of infection
• Causative agent (bacteria, fungus, parasite)
• Reservoir (human, water, soil, insect)
• Portal of exit from (means of leaving) the host
-Respiratory tract (droplet,airborne)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and strep pn
-Gastrointestinal tract
Ecoli, hepatitis A, herpes virus
Stages of an infection
•
•
•
•
Incubation
Prodromal stage
Illness stage
Convalescence
Asepsis
• Surgical asepsis:
measures that make supplies and
equipment totally free of organisms
practices to avoid contaminating
sterile items
Asepsis
• Surgical asepsis practices:
sterilization
using sterile gloves
creating sterile fields
following rules of sterile fields/objects
Asepsis
• Surgical asepsis practices:
General considerations
• Older clients more susceptible to
infections.
• Maintain intact skin, proper aseptic
techniques, personal hygiene, and
thorough hand washing.
• Sick health care workers should take sick
leave rather than expose susceptible
clients to infectious organisms.