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SCIENCE 9
UNIT A
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
09/14
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2
Biological Diversity - Key Terms
Section 1 – diversity
population
Phylum
biological diversity
community
Class
Animals
Plants
Monerans
symbiosis
mutualism
parasitism
interspecies competition
niche
variability
Section 2 – heritable characteristics
discrete variation
asexual reproduction
budding
species
genus
Order
ecosystem
Kingdom
Family
Fungi
Protists
commensalism
parasite host
resource partitioning
natural selection
non-heritable characteristics
continuous variation
binary fission
spores
vegetative reproduction
sexual reproduction
gametes
sperm cell
egg cell
fertilization
zygote
embryo
pollen
stamen
ovules
pistil
pollination
anther
stigma
style
ovary
cross-pollination
cross-fertilization
Section 3 – DNA
genetic code
alleles
mitosis
purebred hybrid
recessive traits
Section 4 - extinction
non-native species
chromosomes
meiosis
dominant traits
gene
traits
incomplete dominance
extirpation
artificial selection
artificial insemination
clone
genetic engineering in-situ conservation
overspecialization
biotechnology
in vitro fertilization
ex-situ conservation
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SCIENCE 9
UNIT A BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Section 1.1 Examining Diversity
BIOLOGY meansBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY refers to the variety of organisms on Earth.
Conditions for life: all living things:
•Adaptations - features that increase an organism’s chances of
___________ and ___________ in a particular ____________.
1. Diversity between Ecosystems
Ecosystem –
Q: List 6 biotic factorsList 6 abiotic factors-
-
Ecosystems around the world show tremendous diversity.
Q: Compare and Contrast the biotic and abiotic factors in the two
ecosystems at the bottom of page 9 of the text.
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2. Diversity within ecosystems
•An ecosystem can have a wide variety of _________ within it.
Population –
Community –
3. Diversity Within Species
•Species – organisms with the same basic ___________ that also have
the ability to
________________ to produce _________ _______________.
•Some organisms within a species may look quite different due to:
- age
- life cycle stage
- gender
•There
are subtle variations between individuals of any population. This is
called __________ ____________. Each variation is a result of
differences within the ______________ _____________ in the cells
of organism.
•Some genetic variations are visible while others are not.
Ex. VisibleNot visible4. Species Distribution
•Species are distributed unevenly throughout the world.
•The greatest diversity of species is found in ____________ regions
close to the equator. As you move away from the equator species
diversity ____________.
Graph Biodiversity vs Latitude
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Q: Why do you think that is?
Q: Coral reefs are called the “amazon of the oceans”. Why? See p.15
Classifying Biological Diversity
•Carolus Linnaeus developed “binomial nomenclature” which is a _____
________ syytem for naming plants and animals.
•All plants and animals are named using _________ then __________
names.
•Genus is capitalized, species is not, and both are italicized or underlined.
•Organisms are grouped according to the ________ ___________ of
the species.
•Closely related species might have the same ________ name ( eg, Cats =
Felis ), but will have different _________ names (domesticus, tigris, leo ).
Ex:
_________ is the common language of Science
•WHY??
The 5 Kingdom System of Classification
Scientists classify all living things into 5 kingdoms:
Animalia Plantae –
Fungi Protista Monera -
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The five kingdoms are further divided as follows:
Level of Classification
Wolf
Dog
Human
White Spruce
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Q: Classify the wolf, dog, human and white spruce in the above table (p. 13)
Read p 9-15, Do Check and Reflect p.15 #1 – 7 and 9
Section 1.2 Interdependence
•Interdependence relates to how each species depends upon many other
________ in its _____________.
•A classic example is the _________________ relationship that exists
in the multitude of food chains/webs in the world.
•Q: How does a predator-prey relationship maintain a healthy ecosystem?
•Interdependence is also apparent in ___________ required by animals,
___________ sites, and processes like ___________ and
______________.
•A number of relationships, called symbiotic relationships, or
_____________, show the methods by which one organism impacts
another.
•These include:
1. Commensalism Ex.
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2. Mutualism –
Ex. lichen is a combination of two organisms:
-fungus prevents …
–algae …
3. Parasitism –
Ex.
There is one type of interaction in which neither species benefits:
•Interspecies competition - when two or more species need the same
___________.
This type of relationship limits the size of the populations of the
competing species.
Niches
•A niche is the _________ of an organism within a particular ecosytem.
An organism’s niche includes:
What it
What
It’s
Nesting site,
What effect it has on the
What effect it has on the
•A
niche, for a particular organism _________________, depending on
the environment in which it is located and the organisms with which it
inter-relates.
•In order for organisms to live successfully with each other in an area
(co-habitate), they must have slightly __________ _______.
•This is in part accomplished by a process called____________
_____________.
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ex. The resources an organism requires are obtained from slightly
different ________, slightly different _________ or at different
________.
Now read p.16-19 and Do Check and Reflect p.19 #1-4
Section 1.3
Variation within Species
•Variation within a population of a single species is called
_______________
•Variability is important if the ______________ ________.
• Greater variation increases the likelihood some of the individuals within
that species will ______________
•Changes could include __________, __________, ___________,
_____________. _____________. ________ elimination.
Examples of variability include:
•Red fox •Antibiotic resistance •Banded snail Natural selection:
• Factors in the environment determine or ____________ which
individuals within a species will survive.
• If they live long enough to ______________, those individuals with
adaptations for survival will _______ _____ their characteristics to
their _____________.
Q: Give an example of how variability can help survival of the fox, p.21
•Read p. 20-24
•Do Check and Reflect p. 24 #1-5
•And Section Review p.25 #1-3, and 5-7
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SCI 9
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
TOPIC 2:
REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL
2.1 A Closer Look at Variation
Variation is one of the most critical aspects of _________ _______
Variation may not always be easy to identify. It may be a
_____________ tendency or a _____________ modification.
Variations enable some individuals within a species to survive while others
of the same species will ___________.
Inherited and Non-inherited Characteristics
Inherited (heritable) characteristics are traits which are passed on to
offspring directly from their parents. These traits are passed on inside
the ____________ ___________.
Heritable traits include structural and distinguishing characteristics such
as ________________, _________________, _______________, and
______________.
Non-inherited characteristics are ____________ and not necessarily
passed on from generation to generation. Ex. Athleticism, artistic ability,
leadership qualities are all _____________ during the early years of life.
Discrete and Continuous Variations
Discrete variations are differences that have a ____________ ______.
Individuals within a species have one of ______ possible expressions of
the characteristic.
Example:
Continuous variations are differences in characteristics that have a
____________ of variations.
Example:
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Variation and the Environment
Some variations may be influenced by interactions with _____________.
These variations are not inherited.
Ex.
Now do Check and Reflect p. 29 #1-3, and 6
2.2 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
A. Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction involves only________ _______________. All of
the offspring are ______________.
There are different types of asexual reproduction:
1. Binary Fission - only single-celled organisms reproduce
in this way. The cell
Ex.
2. Budding - the parent organism produces a _____ (a
smaller version of itself) which eventually detaches
itself from the parent and becomes a self-sufficient
individual - _____________________. Corals
reproduces this way, but do not detach themselves.
Ex.
3. Spore Production - spores are similar to seeds,
but are produced by ___________________
___________, not by the union of two cells. One
parent may produce many spores, each of which will
grow into ____________________________.
Ex.
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Q: How do spores survive unsuitable growing conditions? (p.30)
4. Vegetative Reproduction - the reproduction of a plant not involving
_________, including: ______________, _____________,
____________ and ____________.
Ex.
Q: Explain why a cluster of aspen trees turn color at exactly the same
time (p.31)
Read the infoBIT on p.30 about Parthenogenesis
Q: define parthenogenesis –
B. Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction usually involves ___________________________
(some plants and animals can self-fertilize).
The offspring inherit ______________________________________
______________________________________________________
Sexual reproduction involves specialized ___________ (reproductive cells
that have only one role - to join with _____________ during
reproduction).
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1. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Male gametes are called _________________ and the female gametes
are called ___________________.
During mating, the sperm cell and the egg cell unite to form a
_____________.
The zygote divides first into two cells and those cells continues to divide
over and over(_____________) resulting in the development of an
______________.
The embryo develops into a _______________________ inside the
female (in most mammals) or, outside (in an egg shell) in other animals.
•Draw the events from fertilization to development of an embryo (p. 32).
2. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Sexual reproduction in plants also involves _______________.
Male gametes and female gametes join during ______________.
Most plants produce both male and female gametes, while some produce
only one or the other.
Pollen contains the _________ _____________.
Ovules contain the _______ ______________.
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•Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the ______________
of the stamen to the _______________of the pistil.
•Cross-pollination occurs when ________from one plant is carried to the
________ of another plant by _________, ____________, _________
or ___________.
•Cross-fertilization occurs when a grain of the pollen forms a ______
______ which grows down the _______ into the ________.
•The gametes unite to produce a ____________, which then develops
into an ______________.
•This usually happens inside a ______ which protects the embryo. The
seed also provides ______ (cotyledon) for the embryo as it begins
growing when _____________________________________.
•Plants produced as a result of cross-fertilization are not identical to
either parent plant, but will have a __________________________.
3. Organisms that Reproduce both Sexually and Asexually
•Sponges are organisms that can produce both sexually and asexually.
Most plants that produce seeds can also reproduce asexually by
_____________ and ______________.
Advantages and disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
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2. Sexual Reproduction
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Define hermaphrodite (p.32)
•Give 2 examples.
•Do Check and Reflect p.36 #1-6, and 11
•Do Section Review p.37 # 1,3,5,9,10
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SCIENCE 9 SECTION 3.0
NAME: _______________
DNA IS THE INHERITED MATERIAL RESPONSIBLE FOR
VARIATION
Anticipation Quiz
TRUE or FALSE
1. All genetic information is contained in the DNA of the cell.
2. DNA contains chromosomes.
3. Chromosomes contain genes.
4. Each body cell contains DNA.
5. All human cells have a full set of chromosomes.
6. All species of organisms have the same number of chromosomes.
7. Mitosis is the cell division that produces gametes (sex cells).
8. Meiosis produces cells with a half number of chromosomes.
9. Alleles are the different possible forms of genes.
10. An offspring made by 2 purebred parents that differ in one trait is called a hybrid
offspring.
11. When 2 opposite alleles are inherited; you will observe the dominant trait in the
offspring.
12. Offspring with a color in between its parents is known as inheriting the recessive
trait.
FILL IN THE BLANK
13. Humans have ______ chromosomes.
14. Humans have ______ chromosomes in gametes (sex cells).
16. Species evolve over _____________ periods of time.
17. All species are continually _______________________________.
18. Because of the fact that we have seen many different breeds develop in a short
period of time, we will probably see __________________________ in the
future.
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3.1 DNA - Transmitter of Genetic Code
•Characteristics are passed on from one generation to another through
the __________________
•DNA is the _____________________
•All living organisms contain DNA in the _____________________
•Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the inherited material responsible for
________________________________________________.
DNA and the Genetic Code
•______: DNA is first identified
•______: Canadian scientist Oswald Avery confirms that DNA is in fact
responsible for genetic inheritance and asks the question,
“how can the blueprint for so many different organisms be passed on by
what seems to be the exact same molecule?”
•_________________________ unraveled the structure of DNA,
revealing how the same chemical building blocks can carry a wide range of
instructions.
•Every DNA molecule contains exactly the same ______________
•DNA is like a __________________
•The ________ of the ladder are the same in all DNA molecules.
•The _______ are what make the variations.
•Each rung pairs up two of the following chemicals:
•The arrangement of these four chemicals creates the code that the cells
are able to interpret. This is the ______________________
Q: Which chemicals always pair up together?
A:
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Chromosomes
•DNA contains all the instructions for an organism's ________________
•If the DNA from a single human body cell were stretched out it would be
about ____ long!
•To fit all that DNA into a single cell it is arranged in compact packages
called ____________________
•In plants and animals, chromosomes are stored in the cell ___________.
•Every human cell contains __________________, containing all the
instructions for making a ____________.
•In each cell, 23 chromosomes came from their __________________,
and 23 came from their _________________.
•Not all organisms have the same number of chromosomes.
(A dog cell has 78 chromosomes and cats have 38, so dog cells have __
pairs, and cats have __ pairs).
•Not all chromosomes from species to species are the same, which
accounts for the different characteristics between _____________.
Sex Chromosomes
•The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called sex chromosomes because they
carry information about __________________
•If the 23rd pair is ____ you are female and if it is
___ you are male.
Genes
•A single gene is an uninterrupted segment of ____________
•Genes are located on the ____________
•Each chromosome has many _______________
•Genes come in pairs (one from each __________).
•Both genes in a pair carry instructions for the same trait
•Gene pairs occupy matching ____________ on the two chromosomes.
•DNA code may not be exactly the same in both locations.
Ex.
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Q: How many genes does the DNA found in the 46 chromosomes of each
human cell contain? (p. 39)
•Offspring inherit genes from ___________
•Different forms of a gene are called ________________
Ex.
The ultimate combination of the chromosome pair is what makes
___________ possible.
•Do Check and Reflect p.45 #1-4, and 8
•Read the info BIT on p.46
Q: what did scientists believe about reproduction until the 1600’s?
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3.2 Cell Division
A. Cell Division and Asexual Reproduction
•Asexual reproduction involves only __________________
•All of the offspring are genetically _________________
•In single celled organisms, _______________ enables the parent cell to
split its contents ____________ between the two new cells.
•Prior to division the parent cell duplicates its _____. When the split
takes place each new cell receives a complete exact _______________
Binary Fission in Single Cellular Organisms
We will look at two types of cell division in multicellular organisms:
1. Mitosis
•During mitosis a cell divides into ________________
Q: parent cell - 46 chromosomes; 2 daughter cells •Before division, DNA is ____________ (doubled) and then the cell
divides.
•Mitosis occurs during ___________ and __________ ____________.
2. Meiosis
•A type of cell division that produces _____ daughter cells, each with only
_______ the DNA of the parent cell
Q: parent- 46 chromosomes; 4 daughters- ______ chromosomes?
•This process involves ______ cell divisions
•Meiosis occurs to produce ________ (sperm and egg) for sexual
reproduction.
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Comparison: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
B. Cell Division and Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals
•Sexual reproduction involves joining the ________________ to produce
a ___________.
•Offspring produced contain _______ from both parents, and are
therefore ________________________________.
•Half the DNA is from one parent and half from the other parent,
resulting in _________________________.
•During sexual reproduction, specialized sex cells (___________) unite to
form a ___________, which develops into the new organism.
•Gametes contain only ______________________________ that other
cells from the organism contain.
•That way when ______________________________, the offspring
has the correct number of chromosomes
Q: human gametes have ____chromosomes.
•Do “Give it a Try” p.48
•And Check and Reflect p.48 #1-4,6, and 7
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3.3 Patterns of Inheritance
•Long before the science of genetics, people tried to produce organisms
with only the most preferred traits by allowing only the organisms with
the ______________________________________.
•This method was not always successful, but through time (trial and error),
this practice of ____________________ provided scientists with the
information to detect certain basic _______________________.
Gregor Mendel
•Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian monk and is known as the _________
__ ___________________.
•He used artificial selection to _______________ pea plants and was the
first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of a
living thing.
•He established the concept of ______________.
Purebred vs. Hybrid
•To produce purebred organisms, breeders choose purebred parents
(parents whose ancestors have produced only the desired characteristic).
Ex.
This is called ___________________.
•If a breeder chooses two different 'true-breeds' then a
Ex.
Dominant Traits
•Crossbreeding two different true-breeds results in all of the offspring
having the same characteristic (____________________).
•Only the DNA instructions for the _________ trait are ____________.
•Dominant traits are represented by a ____________
letter, and recessive by the ____________ of the same
letter.
Crossing round (R ) and wrinkled (r) plants produce all
round plants because the
_________________________________________.
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Recessive Traits
•When crossbreeding hybrids, the average results will produce _____ of
the offspring with the dominant trait and _____ of the offspring with the
recessive trait. A recessive trait only appears in the offspring if two
recessive _________ are inherited.
The gametes of parents only have _______________ for a trait, so
offspring receive _____________ for any trait in four possible
combinations.
The Punnet Square:
Is a diagram that is used to __________________ of a particular cross
or breeding experiment.
Ex:
Other Patterns of Inheritance
Incomplete dominance
•When the alleles are _______________ and both alleles are expressed
as an ________________________ of the trait (a combination of the
two traits).
Ex. red X white =
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Co-dominance
•Both alleles are equally dominant so ___________________________.
•Ex. red X white =
Offspring unlike Either Parent.
•More than one gene location or set of alleles may be responsible for some
traits.
ex.
The complex mixing of the possible combinations for that particular trait
may account for the _______________________________________.
Environmental Factors can also influence how DNA is interpreted and
developed.
•__________________________ is a result of alcohol consumption
during the developing stages of the offspring.
•The alcohol ____________________ and the fetus may not develop
normally.
•Taking drugs can also affect the DNA and ________________
•. Eg.Thalidomide use resulted in
•Do Check and Reflect P.54 #1-4, and 6
•Do Section Review P.55 # 2,4,5,6,8, and 10
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Human Activity Affects Biological Diversity
4.1 Reduction of Biological Diversity
Reference: read page 57 – 65 Science in Action 9 text.
List 4 ways that species and ecosystems are being stressed on Earth.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What are 3 ways how Biological Diversity is reduced?
a.
b.
c.
Define Extinction:
How does extinction affect biological diversity?
Define Extirpation:
Give an example that explains extirpation.
Complete the following chart.
Term
Definition / Explanation
Extinct or Extirpated
Endangered
Threatened
Special Concern
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What are 3 examples of natural causes that have occurred that resulted in extinction or extirpation of a
species?
a.
b.
c.
Define Overspecialization:
Example:
Human Causes of Extinction and Extirpation
a.
example:
b.
example:
c.
example:
In 1-2 sentences explain the effects of extinction and or extirpation on other species.
4.2 Selecting Desirable Traits
Reference: read page 66 – 71 Science in Action 9 text.
Artificial Selection is
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An example of artificial selection is
Explain thoroughly, the difference between artificial selection and natural selection.
Biotechnology is
An example of biotechnology is
An organism that is a genetically identical copy of another organism or of its cell or genes is
called a
An easy way to create a
in your house is to
from a plant.
Artificial Reproductive Technology refers to
Artificial Insemination is
What is an advantage to artificial insemination?
In vitro fertilization is
What is an advantage to in vitro fertilization?
Genetic Engineering refers
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Explain, by using an example, how genetic engineering has improved our ability to control an organisms
characteristics.
Explain how artificial selection is a risk to animals.
Explain how artificial selection is a risk to plants.
4.3 Reducing Our Impact on Biological Diversity
Reference: read page 72 – 78 Science in Action 9 text.
In 1992 World leaders signed a treaty called the
The agreement had 3 goals:
a.
b.
c.
Strategies to Conserve Biological Diversity
a. Protected Areas
Canada’s first national park,
, was established in
.
This park is an example of In-situ conservation. What does this mean?
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b. Restoration of Ecosystems and Species
Explain why programs to restore endangered species and restoration of their habits is important to the survival
of certain species.
c. Resource Use Policies
What have governments done to ensure the protection of various species that are either threatened or
endanger?
Why do you think this is an important step in survival of these species?
d. Controlling the Spread of Exotic Species
Explain the importance of preventing the spread of exotic species.
e. Conservation of Genetic Resources
What is ex-situ conservation?
Why is it easier to preserve the genes of plants than that of animals.
Explain the roles zoos have in the preservation of endangered species.
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Complete the following chart.
Ways that I contribute to loss of
Biological Diversity
Ways that I can help conserve
Biological Diversity
A. Matching: Match the activity with the correct response by putting the appropriate letter in the
blank.
1. ____ the giant panda eats only bamboo shoots
2. ____ disappearance of the dinosaur from Earth
3. ____ construction of buildings, agricultural
development, logging & damming of rivers
4. ____ taking a cutting from a plant and growing an
identical plant from the cutting
5. ____ using bacteria to produce life-saving
medicines such as insulin
6. ____ the Y2Y initiative to maintain populations
of caribou, wolves and bears
7. ____ Native people gathered seeds from the
biggest and healthiest corn plants
8. ____ sperm is harvested from a bull and inserted
into female cows
9. ____ creating seed banks which store seeds from
many varieties of crops
10. ____ the number of grizzly bear is greatly reduced
giving them a much smaller range of distribution
A. biotechnology
B. habitat destruction
C. genetic engineering
D. overspecialization
E. artificial selection
F. clone
G. in-situ conservation
H. extirpation
I. extinction
J. artificial insemination
K. ex-situ conservation
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