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THE CRUSADES
Holy War At Its Finest
Remember
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Do not copy anything in Italics
Do not copy anything in (……)
Do not copy anything that has Remember
at the top.
The Kingdom of England
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In the early 400’s people called the Angles
and Saxons took over much of England.
They took control of the territory from the
Celts.
In the late 800’s the Vikings attacked that
part of England.
A King by the name of Alfred the Great
united the Angles and Saxons and drove the
Vikings away.
Alfred’s new kingdom became known as
Angleland, or England.
Alfred the Great
was one of the
first rulers to
unit England
under one
empire. He was
successful at
defending the
island from
Viking invaders
on several
different
occasions.
ALFRED the GREAT
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Alfred the Great was a very strong ruler.
He founded schools
He hired interpreters to translate books
from Latin into the Anglo Saxon language.
His power as a ruler kept his people
together.
Most of those rulers that came after him
were weak and could not hold the people
together
Stonehenge was built by unknown people of ancient England
who finished building it some 2000 years before the Druids came
to Salisbury Plain. Stonehenge means "hanging stones." There
are many different legends. Some even say UFO's were involved.
But the scientific evidence shows that it was probably an
"observatory" to view the various stages of the moon and sun.
Looking in Stonehenge Decoded by Gerald Hawkins reveals many
of the stages in its pictures, such as showing the sunset exactly
on the tip of the "heel stone."
VIKINGS ARE BACK
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In A.D. 900 the Vikings attacked and
conquered the northern coast of France and
renamed it Normandy.
By A.D. 1000 Normandy was ruled by
William, a descendant of a Viking ruler and
cousin of Edward, the King of England.
When Edward died William thought he
should be the new king of England so he
went to war with England.
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
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Harold Godwinson had claimed the
English throne after the death of Edward.
William went to war against the English
troops in 1066.
His men were on horseback and defeated
the English at a battle called Hastings.
He was then crowned King of England and
became known as William the Conqueror.
WILLIAM KING OF ENGLAND
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To assure loyalty, William gave estates to his
Norman knights.
They had to pledge their loyalty to him in
return for land and protection from the King.
William brought European culture to
England.
He made everyone speak French, and many
of his knights intermarried with English
women.
The cultures mixed and eventually became
the English culture we have today.
HENRY II AND JOHN
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William died, a Henry II became king of
England.
Henry made the position of King much more
powerful.
He set up a court system and had judges and
juries.
When he died his son John became king and
was not a very good one.
Under John nobles revolted and made him
sign the Magna Carta. This document had
great influence on our government when it
was being formed.
The Magna Carta
was a document
that laid out
specific rights
for the people of
England and
took some of the
power from the
king. It was a
document that
had a great
amount of
influence on our
own
Constitution.
Prelude to a Crusade
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The Byzantine empire was quickly losing
power.
It was being attacked from the east by the
Muslim Turks who were very powerful.
These invaders seized most of Asia Minor.
The emperor of the empire asked the
Pope for help because he had neither the
men or the money to repel the invaders.
Pope Urban II
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In response to the plea for help from the
Byzantine Emperor, Pope Urban II made a
speech calling for all Christians to leave
their homes and go and drive the Muslims
out of the Holy land.
Their battle cry became…..”God wills it!”
1st CRUSADE
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Several thousand knights and as many as
ten thousand foot soldiers headed east to
fight in the crusade.
Many wore the sign of the cross on their
shields to remind them who they were
fighting for.
In 1098, they captured Antioch in Syria.
In 1099, they reached Jerusalem and
slaughtered most of the cities inhabitants
Muslims, Jews, and Christians.
2nd Crusade
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Having driven the Muslims out of the
Holy Land, the Crusaders created four
states: Kingdom of Jerusalem in
Palestine, The County of Edessa, The
Principality of Antioch in Asia Minor,
and the County of Tripoli.
However , the Muslims fought back and
recaptured Edessa. The Christians
responded with the second Crusade
which was total failure.
Saladin
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In 1174 a Musli8m came to power named
Saladin.
He was determined to create a Muslim
empire in the middle east.
He led the Muslims against the Christians
and recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.
He was one of the most successful Muslim
Warriors of all time.
3rd Crusade
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The fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims caused
the cry for a 3rd Crusade.
This Crusade was led by Richard the
Lionhearted, King Phillip II of France, and
Emperor Fredrick of the Holy Roman Empire.
This crusade had some issues.
Frederick drowned crossing a river.
The French and English landed by sea, but
could not capture much more than a small
coastal town. Phillip went home and Richard
agreed to a small safe travel corridor for
Christians.
4th Crusade
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Around 1200 A.D. Pope Innocent III called for
a new crusade.
Merchants from Venice wanted to use the
crusade to weaken their main trading
partners, the Byzantine Empire.
The crusaders attacked Byzantium instead of
Muslim cities and sacked and looted the city
for three days.
This attacked shocked the rest of Europe
and weakened the Byzantine Empire
substantially.
Other Crusades
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Six more crusades were launched over
the next 60 years, but the achieved very
little.
The Muslims eventually regained
everything they had lost during the first
crusade.
In 1291, almost 200 years after the first
crusade had set out, the last Christian
City fell to the Muslims.
Effects of the Crusades
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The crusades had a large impact on the
world.
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More trade between Europe and the Middle
East.
Serfs were freed by nobles who sold their
land and went to war.
Kings began taxing trade from the middle
east.
Stronger kingdoms emerged in Europe.