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Fig. 43-1 Chapter 43 The Immune System PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece 1.5 µm Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 43-3 Microbes • Innate immunity PHAGOCYTIC CELL • Acquired immunity, or adaptive immunity Vacuole Lysosome containing enzymes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 43-7 Fig. 43-8-1 Interstitial fluid The human lym mphatic system Adenoid Tonsil Blood capillary Lymph nodes Spleen Tissue cells Pathogen Lymphatic vessel Peyer’s patches (small intestine) Splinter Chemical Macrophage signals i l Mast cell 巨噬細胞 Capillary Appendix Red blood cells Phagocytic cell 吞噬細胞 Lymphatic vessels Lymph node Masses of defensive cells 1 Fig. 43-8-2 Pathogen Fig. 43-8-3 Splinter Chemical Macrophage signals i l Mast cell Pathogen Fluid Capillary Red blood cells Phagocytic cell Splinter Chemical Macrophage signals i l Mast cell 巨噬細胞 Fluid Capillary Phagocytosis Red blood cells Phagocytic cell 吞噬細胞 Natural Killer Cells Innate Immune System Evasion by Pathogens • All cells in the body (except red blood cells) have a class 1 MHC protein on their surface • Some pathogens avoid destruction by modifying their surface to prevent recognition or by resisting breakdown following phagocytosis • Cancerous or infected cells no longer express this protein; natural killer (NK) cells attack these damaged cells • Tuberculosis (TB) is one such disease and kills more than a million people a year Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Concept 43.2: In acquired immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes • White blood cells called lymphocytes recognize and respond to antigens, foreign molecules • An antigen (抗原) is any foreign molecule to which a lymphocyte responds • Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus (胸腺) above the heart are called T cells, and those that mature in bone marrow are called B cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings • A single B cell or T cell has about 100,000 identical antigen receptors Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 2 Fig. 43-15 Antibody y concentration (arbitrary units) Primary immune response to antigen A produces antibodies to A. Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Cells Secondary immune response to antigen A produces antibodies to A; primary immune response to antigen B produces antibodies to B. • Cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells in cellmediated immune response 104 • Cytotoxic T cells make CD8, a surface protein that greatly enhances interaction between a target g cell and a cytotoxic y T cell 103 Antibodies to A 102 Antibodies to B • Binding to a class I MHC complex on an infected cell activates a cytotoxic T cell and makes it an active killer 101 100 0 7 14 21 Exposure to antigen A 28 35 42 49 56 • The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes proteins that destroy the infected target cell Exposure to antigens A and B Time (days) Animation: Cytotoxic T Cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 43-21 Fig. 43-21a Viral neutralization Virus Viral neutralization Opsonization Activation of complement system and pore formation Bacterium Complement proteins Virus Formation of membrane attack complex Flow of water and ions Macrophage Pore Foreign cell Fig. 43-21b Fig. 43-24 Opsonization autoimmune diseases Bacterium M Macrophage h 3 Fig. 43-26 AIDS Helper T cell concentration in blood (cells/mm3) Latency Relative antibody concentration 800 Relative HIV concentration 600 Helper T cell concentration 400 200 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Years after untreated infection 9 10 4