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The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire I. The Foundations of Rome A. Main Idea 1. From a small town on the banks of an Italian river, Rome grew to control the entire ____________________ region. B. Roman Civilization Develops 1. ______________ logical place for emergence of mighty empire. 2. Lies almost halfway between __________________, western boundaries of the _________ - protected by mountains, sea; rich soil, mild climate. 3. Legend: ______________ and Remus; founded city 753 BC. 4. Indo-European tribe, __________, reached Italy 1000s BC; built Rome. 5. City prospered partly from location on Tiber River - valuable ________ routes, easy access to sea. 6. Rome first ruled by Latin Kings; came under ______________ rule, 600 BC. 7. Etruscans came from ________________ Italy - Etruscan culture heavily influenced by ________. 8. Etruscans had great _________________ on Roman society. C. Rome Becomes a Republic 1. In 509 BC, the ___________ revolted and threw out last of Etruscan kings, setup new type of government - _____________ —elected officials governed state. 2. In early days, heads of a few aristocratic families, ___________, elected officials - controlled all __________ —politics, religion, economics, military - maintained power through _____________ system. 3. From beginning, common people, ______________, challenged patricians for power. 4. Invaders threatened 494 BC; plebeians refused to fight until changes made – plebeian rights _____________: Plebian ______ and ________. 5. 450 BC, plebeians forced patricians to have all laws written down – displayed in Roman _____________ - because laws were posted, patrician judges could not make decisions based on own opinions or secret laws. D. Republican Government 1. Patricians, plebeians worked out practical ______________. 2. Government consisted of three parts -initially _______________ by patricians; all state offices later open to _________ patricians, plebeians. 3. _____________: 300 members, advised elected officials, controlled public finances, handled all foreign relations. 4. _____________ assemblies: in these all citizens voted on laws, elected officials. II. 5. ___________________: governed in name of Senate and people, put laws into practice, acted as priests. E. Governing Details 1. __________________: (2 of them) elected for one year; chief executives, army commanders. 2. __________________: next most important after consuls; recorded wealth, residence of population; filled vacancies in Senate. 3. __________________: primarily judges, could act for consuls if consuls away at war. After terms ended, given military commands, appointed provisional governors. 4. __________________: government worked well because of system of _____________, __________________. F. Life in the Republic 1. During the days of the Roman Republic, ___________ was a thriving and vibrant city. At its heart was the _______________, the public square and site of the most important government buildings and temples. 2. _______________ met in Forum - key public addresses made there. Shopping and public celebrations. 3. Despite bustling nature of city, Romans prided themselves on connection with __________ – Legend of Cincinnatus. 4. Farming, landownership the ________________ ways to make money. 5. __________________ forbidden to participate in any career that did not involve land, could not engage in commerce. The Republic Expands A. The Republic Expands 1. As Rome’s _______________ changed population grew; surplus population settled on land acquired by conquering neighbors. 2. Successful expansion due to powerful ________. All Roman men between ages ______ and ______ with minimum amount of _______________ required to serve in army during times of war. 3. Army organized into _____________ – comprised of _________ - noncommissioned officers who each commanded 100 men. 4. Army highly disciplined, well-trained, could fight in all types of terrain. 5. Rome in control of all of ________ by 265 BC. 6. Two strict conditions on subject people — provide ________ for Roman army, abandon _____________ with foreign nations. 7. Now in control of Italy, turned to Sicily - _____________ Wars raged for nearly 80 years (Carthage). B. The Punic Wars 1. Violence between Rome and Carthage broke out in _______ BC. Because the ___________ Punic War was fought mostly at sea, Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the early fighting. Soon, III. however, the Romans built a navy of their own and were able to _____________ Carthage. 2. Violence soon broke out again - 218 BC, Carthaginian general ______________ led army across Pyrenees, Alps to invade Italy. 3. Hannibal ravaged Italy, ________________ every army he faced - Romans needed new strategy. 4. Romans decided to take war to ____________ - General Publius Cornelius _____________ sailed to Africa, besieged _________ - forced Hannibal to sail home. 5. Scipio _______________ Hannibal, took Carthage, won ______ Punic War. 6. The Romans had defeated Carthage, but it did not ____________ the city as many citizens had wanted. C. Carthage Falls 1. Huge losses of ____________ Punic War remained in memories of many Romans - 149 BC Rome decided to destroy old enemy once and for all. 2. Declared war on Carthage for ______ time - after ____________ of ____________ years, Carthage fell. 3. Romans _____________ entire population, completely destroyed city, and ____________ the earth, and they _____________ any people from living there. D. The Conquest of Greece 1. Punic Wars raged in western republic Rome became involved in politics of eastern ________________________. 2. Romans and Greek allies fought, and defeated Macedonia, Persia – both became Roman ______________. 3. Eventually Romans annexed ___________ as province; Romans adopted many elements of Greek __________: art and ________. From Republic to Empire A. Main Idea 1. Governmental and __________ problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government. B. Problems in the Late Republic 1. By the mid-_______ BC, Rome had no rival anywhere in the Mediterranean world. However, the responsibilities of running their vast holdings stretched the Roman ____________ system to its limits. 2. Revolution began in political, ______________ institutions tensions grew between _____________ of Roman society – issue of soldier-farmers and land – __________ fear of reduced power. 3. 107 BC, social unrest reached new level - General Gaius Marius elected consul: eliminated _____________ restrictions; accepted anyone who wanted to join __________. C. D. E. F. 4. Armies, private forces devoted to ______________ - poor hoped to share plunder at end of war; ruthless generals realized loyalty of troops could be used as ________________ tool. Social and Civil Wars 1. The Social _________: Rome’s Italian allies had been trying to obtain Roman _________________ - Senate wanted to maintain _______________ on power, refused. 2. 90 BC, Social War broke out- rebels were _________________, but granted citizenship. 3. Social War revealed talent of General Lucius Cornelius _______ - became consul, 88 BC; after consulship ended - he marched on Rome, won civil war, became ______________. He carried out program of reforms to protect power of ______________. Rome Becomes an Empire 1. Sulla paved the way for major changes in Rome’s government. The ________ of the ____________ resulted from the ambitions of a few individuals. 2. ________________________, Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Crassus helped bring end to Republic. 3. Caesar, Pompey successful ___________ commanders - Crassus one of wealthiest people in Rome. 4. 60 BC, the three took over Roman state, ruled as First ________. 5. Crassus died; Pompey, Caesar fought civil war - Caesar defeated Pompey, took full control of Rome, became ______________ for life, 44 BC. 6. Caesar made popular reforms, but __________ feared he would destroy Roman Republic - __________________ him on the Ides of March. 7. Caesar’s murder did ______ save the Republic – ________ War. The Second Triumvirate 1. 43 BC, Second Triumvirate took power—Caesar’s adopted son, ________________; loyal officer ________________________; high priest Lepidus. 2. Lepidus pushed aside; Antony, Octavian agreed to govern _____ the empire each, Octavian in west, Antony in East. 3. __________ war between Octavian, Antony broke out - Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Egypt’s Queen ________________ at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. 4. Cleopatra, Antony committed ______________; Octavian alone controlled Rome - Republic effectively __________. From Octavian to Augustus 1. Octavian faced task of restoring order in empire - had no intention of establishing _______________ when he took power. 2. Created new political order, known today as the _____________. 2. Octavian careful to avoid title of king or emperor - princeps, “first ____________”; government called ________________. G. H. I. J. 3. 27 BC, Senate gave Octavian title ______________, “the revered one.” Title a _______________ honor - able to wear laurel and oak leaf crown. The Augustan Age 1. Augustus head of state more than ____ years, made smooth transition to new imperial government with power ___________ between him and __________ 2. Most financial, administrative matters under __________ control 3. Started program to bring __________ to west, particularly to Gaul, Spain 4. Began series of conquests that pushed border eastward to ______ River 5. Also took special care of ________ itself 6. Created police force, fire brigades; stockpiled food, water 7. Began __________ program; presided over moral, religious reforms 8. Great period of __________ creativity; great writers like Horace, Ovid, Virgil. Julio-Claudians and Flavians 1. Augustus died AD ____, empire ruled by __________ relatives for ____ years 2. Julio-Claudian Emperors’ abilities varied widely 3. __________ a good soldier, competent administrator 4. __________, brutal, mentally unstable; appointed favorite horse as consul 5. AD 68, last of Julio-Claudians, __________ committed suicide 6. Following Nero’s death, ________ wars raged in Rome 7. _______ military leaders claimed throne in turn 8. Last, __________ reestablished order, as did reigns of two sons 9. Stability returned under __________ 10. AD ____, new line of emperors established—_______ Emperors 11. _______ rulers governed Rome for almost a century 12. From provinces different than Rome, continued _________ Roman imperial society. The Good Emperors 1. Empire _______ tremendously under Good Emperors 2. Reached limits of expansion under Trajan - added what are now Romania, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula 3. Successor __________ thought empire too large - __________ from almost all eastern additions; built defensive fortifications to guard against invasions - wall 73 miles long in northern _______ The Pax Romana 1. The period from the beginning of August’s reign in 27 BC until the death of the last of the _______ Emperors in AD 180 is often called the Pax Romana—the _____________________. This era IV. was characterized by __________ government, a strong legal system, widespread trade, and peace. 2. __________________ strongest unifying force in empire maintained order, enforced laws, defended frontiers. Aristocracy participated, but ______________ made all important decisions. 3. Empire divided into _________________ ruled by governors appointed from Rome. Any ________________ could appeal unfair treatment directly to emperor 4. Empire brought _________________ to the cities of the Mediterranean world, which were governed in imitation of Rome. K. Legal System, Trade, and Transportation 1. Roman __________ unified the empire - same laws applied to everyone in empire, wherever they lived. 2. ___________________ remained primary occupation throughout Pax Romana -tenant farmers began to replace _____________ on large farms. 3. Manufacturing __________________ throughout empire. 4. Italy imported grain, meat, raw materials from provinces; silks, linens, glassware, jewelry, furniture from Asia - _____________, ____________________ became commercial centers. 5. Commercial activity possible because of empire’s ____________ around Mediterranean and extensive __________ network. Ultimately about ___________ miles of roads bound empire together. 6. Most roads built, maintained for _______________ purposes most goods went by sea. Roman Society and Culture A. Life in Imperial Rome 1. Wealthy men spent much time in ____________; public officials not paid; only wealthy could afford to hold office; alliances. 2. Nearly ___ million Romans lived in crowded three- or four-story apartment buildings; to keep poor from ______________: _____ food and public entertainment offered. 3. Two things interested public— _________, __________ (Circus _____________, bloody spectacles, and the _______________). B. Family, Education, and Religion 1. Head of family - oldest living ________; Virtues of simplicity, religious devotion, obedience emphasized. Adoption important in Roman society – pass on __________ name. Women could do little without intervention of _______ guardian, more freedom in lower classes. 2. Upper class Romans placed great value on _____________. 3. Romans adopted much from Greek, Egyptian, and others __________________; many worshipped ______________. V. 4. Romans believed gods sent ___________, warnings - came in form of natural _________________. 5. Paid respect to ____________ - priests who specialized in interpreting signs - nothing important undertaken without first consulting augurs. C. Rome’s Cultural Legacy 1. Although the Western Roman Empire fell in ________, much of Roman culture ______________ to influence life for centuries. 2. Romans practical, tried to apply knowledge gained from ______ to planning cities, building water, sewage systems, improving farming. 3. Roman engineers constructed roads, bridges, amphitheaters, public buildings, ________________ to bring water to cities; invented ______________. 4. __________: Physician, AD 100s - greatest authority in _______ for centuries. D. Architecture and Language 1. Dominant advances—round _______ and the ________: allowed Romans to construct larger ____________ than earlier societies. 2. ______________ languages developed from Latin: Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian; ____________ owes much vocabulary to Latin. 3. Literature: ________; Law: ______ law (based on written code). The Fall of Rome A. Main Idea 1. Events and conditions inside as well as outside the Roman Empire weakened it and led to its ______________ in the _____ in the 400s. B. The Empire Weakens 1. The Roman army’s inability to stop the ____________ was one symptom of the weakness that befell the empire after the end of the ________________________. 2. After ______, empire confronted by challenges from outside, growing problems within. 3. When last of _______ Emperors died, Rome had no strong leader - _______ wars broke out. 4. Rome under increasing threat of ________________ on eastern, western frontiers. 5. Military Dictatorship: emperors increased size of Rome’s army caused _________________ crisis - Empire: ________________ dictatorship. 6. Legions deposed emperors, elevated own leaders to throne - 20 emperors in ______ years. 7. Insecurity of civil wars, invasions affected Roman life: economic troubles – trade down, __________ up, and _______________. C. Attempts at Reform 1. The crises of the _______ shattered the Roman world. Drastic _____________ had to be made if the empire were to survive. 2. _____________________: took power, 284, changed empire into _______________ monarchy - placed self __________ subjects, ruled with no accountability to anyone 3. Imperial economy came under ___________ direction, geared toward needs of imperial defense – saved empire from immediate economic ______________. 4. Divided empire in _______ to improve efficiency, forced _________ into rigid order – harsh laws (secret police), and increased ________. 3. Diocletian’s initiatives worked well while he remained emperor – retired in 305 – Civil War. 4. 312, order restored when ______________________ declared emperor by his troops; put end to fighting. 5. Constantine continued ________ control over society - made two profound decisions to affect direction of future empire: converted to _______________; built new capital—Constantinople, “city of Constantine”—on site of village of _______________. D. Invasion and Fall 1. Unfortunately, the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine did not solve the overwhelming problems of the empire. 2. During the 300s and 400s, tribes from the empire’s frontier began to invade: Huns (Attila); _____________ tribes: _______: captured and sacked Rome in 410; and _____________: attacked Rome in 450s. 3. Huns leave, ______________ tribes in control of ____________ provinces; Ostrogoths overthrew last _______________ - end of the Western Roman Empire. Despite western collapse, _______ Empire endured for several centuries - ____________________ Empire.