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THIRD EDITION HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D. Chapter 24 The Immune System PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathogenicity of microbes • Pathogens are microbes that can cause disease. • Toxins are small organic molecules or pieces of protein or bacterial cell wall that are released when bacteria die. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How do pathogens get in? Adhesion Factors • Adhesion factors allow a pathogen to bind to certain cells. • Viruses have spikes that bind to host cell surfaces. • Invasive mechanisms determine the extent of a disease in the body. • Localized vs. Systemic. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epidemiology • The study of the factors that influence transmission of diseases in human populations. • Infectious diseases; illnesses caused by pathogens, or their products. • Highly transmissible pathogens (virus, bacterial) are contagious. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Diseases Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Viral Diseases • Influenza (the flu)- fever, chills, vomiting, cold symptoms. • Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory tract that can affect millions of people every year. It is highly contagious Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Defenses: Overview • Physical barriers: skin & epithelial linings & cilia • Immune defenses – internal • Innate, non-specific, immediate response (min/hrs) • Acquired – attack a specific pathogen (antigen) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic System: Overview of Immune Defense Organs & Cells Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24-2 ab: Anatomy of the immune system The Composition of Whole Blood (4-6L in an adult) • The percentage ranges for white blood cells indicate the normal variation seen in a count of 100 white blood cells in a healthy individual. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings White Blood Cells (leukocytes) (0.1% of formed elements) • Defend the body against pathogens • Two classes • Granular leukocytes • Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) • Eosinophils • Basophils • Agranular leukocytes • Monocytes • Lymphocytes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutrophils • Neutrophils • Acute inflammation • Highly mobile phagocytes • Containing bacteria-killing enzymes • Multi-lobular nucleus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings More Granular Leukocytes (granulocytes) • Eosinophils (acidophils) • Stain with an acidic red eosin stain • Attracted to foreign compounds reacted with antibodies • They kill pathogens by releasing substances that kill them. • 2-lobed nucleus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings •Basophils •Stain with a deep purple or blue basic dye •Migrate to damaged tissue and release their granules •Release histamines. •Inflammatory response; increase capillary permeability. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranular Leukocytes (agranulocytes) • Monocytes • Migrate into peripheral tissues • Are precursors to macrophages. • Highly mobile phagocytic cells • Oval, kidney-bean shaped nucleus Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranular Leukocytes (agranulocytes) • Lymphocytes (specific immunity) • Primary cell of the lymphatic system • T-cells attack foreign cells directly • B-cells produce antibodies that bind foreign particles • NK cells; immunological surveyors. Always remain in circulation. They don’t take up residence in tissues. • Large round, purple staining nucleus. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The immune response. Two types • INNATE IMMUNITY: NON-SPECIFIC • ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: SPECIFIC Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation • Phagocytosis: Just eat it. • THE PHAGOCYTES • macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells • Engulf and digest recognized "foreign" cells – molecules Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Our immune system tags the foreign particles • Opsonins- are the tagging proteins that make unrecognizable particles into “food” for phagocytes. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation Figure 24-6: Phagocytosis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Response: hallmark fo the innate immune pathway • 1. acute phase • attract immune cells to the infection site; neutrophils • basophils to produce histamine to flush out the area;edema swollen redness. • 2. produce a physical barrier to retard spread of infection. • 3. promote tissue repair post-infection; not an immune function. • Histamines: from mast cells swelling, edema, b. v . dilation • Interleukins: • Secreted by macrophages • Stimulate liver production of acute phase proteins (opsonins) • Alter the blood endothelium to ease the passage of WBCs. • Bradykinin: stimulates pain & swelling to draw attention to the wound • Membrane attack complex proteins (25 complement proteins). . . Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation Figure 24-8: Membrane attack complex Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some complement proteins are “warning proteins” • Interferon is one such warning protein. Virusinfected cells produce this protein which in turn binds to receptors of noninfected cells causing them to prepare for possible attack. Virus infected cell interferon Watch Out guys Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acquired Immunity: Lymphocytes B cell and T cells lymphopoiesis Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphocytes • Cytotoxic T cells • Attack foreign cells or bodies infected with viruses • Cell-mediated immunity • Regulatory T cells • Helper or suppressor T cells • Regulate and coordinate immune response • Memory T cells • Remain “on reserve” Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphocytes Antibody-mediated immunity • B cells • Plasma cells produce antibodies • React to specific antigens • Immunoglobins • Antibody mediated immunity • Memory B cells Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 24-13: Functions of antibodies T Lymphocytes: One more detail. . . • Major histocompatability complex (MHC) • These incorporate antigen gragments and present them to the T cells; they come in two flavors: • MHC class I • MHC class II Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Non-self proteins Antigen Being Presented To the T-cell. HLA antigens (MHC proteins) Self-proteins. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings T Lymphocytes: Cell Mediated Immunity Figure 24-16: T lymphocytes and NK cells Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Types: Like Antibodies & antigens will agglutinate • Antigens on RBCs (A, B, AB or none = O) • Antibodies in plasma (anti A, anti B, anti AB) • Rh antigens & antibodies Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood typing depends on RBC antigens • Presence or absence of specific surface antigens on RBC cell membranes. An antigen is a genetically determined glycoprotein. There are 3 antigens we type for: • A, B, and D (Rh) • Antibodies attack “foreign” surface antigens. YOUR antibodies NEVER attack your antigens. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Type • A person with: • Type A blood • Surface antigen A, anti-B antibodies • Type B blood • Surface antigen B, anti-A antibodies • Type AB blood • Surface antigens A and B, no A or B antibodies • Type O blood • No surface antigens, both anti-A, anti-B antibodies • Rh positive has the Rh surface antigens and no Rh antibodies Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.4 Blood Typing • The blood type depends on the presence of agglutinogens on RBC surfaces. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings INDUCED IMMUNITY Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings INDUCED IMMUNITY • ACTIVE IMMUNITY- inject a bit of the antigen (vaccine) and let the body’s immune system make antibodies against it. • IMMUNIZATION Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings “BOOSTER” Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Active Immunity. Dependent upon the presence of memory B and T cells capable of responding to lower antigen doses. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings