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17/ 05/2010 Mapping hotspots of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Thailand using SCIAMACHY Examination Committee: Dr. Nitin K. Tripathi, Chairman Dr. Preeda Parkpian, Member Dr. Savitri Garivait, External Member Dr. Sheishiro Kibe, Member Dr. I.V. Murali Krishna External Member Presented by : Uday Dnyandeo Pimple RSGIS FoS Background Climate change will change our life on Earth and will affect all nations all plants, all animals, all humans all living beings on Earth. 2 Background Climate Change: Variation in global and regional climates over time Changing Landscapes High Temperature Wildlife at Risk Increased risk of Drought, fire & flood Heat Related Illness and Diseases Stronger Storms 3 Background Global Warming: Increase in average temperature of Earth Main Impact - Sea level rise - Increase in extreme weather trend 4 Global Warming and Climate Change Serious issue related to human survival Main cause = increase in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrogen Oxide, Chorofluro carbon and Carbon Tetrachloride and some atmospheric pollutants Socio economic development path Climate Change Rise Temperature, Sea Level Emission of GHG Impact on Human and Nature Current temperature increased by 0.40C and 2.50C temperature is enough to melt the glaciers Copenhagen United Nations climate change conference 2009 - Reduction of CO2 and impact of climate change was the main issue 5 Need to monitor Greenhouse Gases (GHG) The basic cause of rise in temperature is greenhouse gases Need to measure the trace gases regularly Need to understand sources and sinks of trace gases Limitations of ground stations ( Due to Spatial and temporal variability of gases and vertical distribution) Remote Sensing technique has capability to measure trace gases from space Large scale or regional measurement is possible by satellite 6 Objective 1) Retrieval of vertical column (VC) of atmospheric Carbon dioxide in Thailand using satellite remote sensing ( 2004-2005) 2) Retrieval vertical column densities (VCDs) of Nitrogen dioxide in Thailand using satellite remote sensing ( 2004-2009) 7 Data and Software SCIAMACHY: FSI-WFM- DOAS algorithm processed data of CO2 from 2004 to 2005 (Source: Leicester University, UK) Ground station data of CO2 from Wt. Waliguan China ( Station from NOAA) DOAS algorithm processed data for NO2 from 2004-2009 (Source: University of Bremen, Germany) Ground station data of NO2 from 2004-2009 (Source:PCD, Thialand) Software: - ArcGIS 9.3 , ArcView 3.3, ENVI-IDL 8 SCIAMACHY SCIAMACHY ( SCanning Imagine Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) Capability to determine O3, O2,O4,NO,N2O,BrO, OCIO, CO,H2O,SO2,HCHO,CO2,CH4, Cloud, Aerosol Onboard on European environmental satellite ENVISAT Orbital height 790 km (±10km) Measure radiation between 240- 2380 nm wavelength region One pixel size is 60 x 30 Km 9 Study Area -Thailand Country : Thailand 50th largest country Population 68 Million Sources of GHG: Urban areas, Industries ( Automobile and food processing plants), burning of crops and rice field Ranked 22 in world for GHG emission 10 Carbon Dioxide emission and measurement in Thailand Medium size country but responsible for GHG gas emission (Source: UNDP, 2007) 11 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide & Nitrogen Dioxide Carbon Dioxide : Major GHG ( more than 63% contribution in global warming) Sources : Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation are the main causes Nitrogen Dioxide : Reddish brown gas and irritating ordure Play an important role in atmospheric reactions NO2 and other compound very easily react with Ozone layer and causes the destruction of ozone layer Higher concentration of NO2 causes many respiratory problems Sources: Biomass burning, fuel combustion and electrical installations -. 12 Satellite Remote Sensing for measurement of CO2 and NO2 from Space Retrieval of trace gases using remote sensing is rapidly evolving area and very helpful to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases. The precise measurement of trace gases is possible with combination of satellite observation theory , modeling and ground observations It is very useful to understand the dynamic behavior of the trace gases from space 13 Measurement principle and retrieval methods DOAS ( Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) : It allows to extracting absorption of NO2 and other trace gases For measuring VCDi of gases following equation is used Where rs(λ)is the measured slant optical densities VCDi is the Vertical column densities VCDi mod is used for calculating ( Molded slant optical density) cj is the polynomial coefficient I-i mod is the calculated radiance without the ith absorber I mod is the calculated radiance with all absorber (Bovensmann, 1999) 14 Measurement principle and retrieval methods Weighting Function Modified Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFM-DOAS) retrieval technique designed to retrieve the total columns of CO2, CO, CH4, H2O and N2O. For reducing the potential sources of errors in WFM-DOAS new algorithm is developed called FSI ( Full Spectral Initiation) WFMDOAS To derive CO2 total column from absorption at ~ 1.56 µm 15 16 Retrieval of VC of CO2 by IDL Programming FSI-WFM-DOAS Product China Region Joint Two Regions Separation of Study area Gridding of VC of CO2 Read Files Plot Display Set the Colors Normalized SCIAMACHY CO2 Columns 17 Data Filtration Gridding Retrieval VC of CO2 by GIS FSI-WFM-DOAS Product Data Extraction Latitude Longitude Retrieved Error Conversion to GIS format Generation of Point Data Data Interpolation Normalized Vertical Column of CO2 18 VC CO2 Retrieval of VCDs of NO2 DOAS – Product Data Extraction Latitude Longitude VCD of NO2 Conversion to GIS format Generation of Point data Data interpolation VCDs of NO2 19 20 Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia January 2004 February 2004 21 Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia March 2004 April 2004 22 Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia May 2004 June 2004 23 Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia July 2004 August 2004 24 Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia September 2004 October 2004 25 Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia November 2004 December 2004 26 Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand 27 Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand 28 Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand 29 Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand 30 Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand 31 Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand 32 Comparison of SCIAMACHY result with in situ observations in China CO2 by SCIAMACHY (ppmv) 450 400 R = 0.66 350 300 370 375 380 CO2 by Ground station ( ppm) 33 385 VCD s of NO2 for Thailand January to April very high concentration observed over central and eastern part of Thailand which covers mostly urban and industrial area During rainy season from May to August less concentration is observed November December shows high VCDs of NO2 Location of emission is in eastern part of Thailand The cities with higher concentrations in central , northeast and eastern part of Thailand can easily identified from SCIAMACHY result Rayong, Chonburi and the nearest part of these provinces are observed as a hotspot for NO2 concentration 34 Comparison of NO2 with major land use 35 Validation of NO2 VCDs with in situ Observations 2004-2008 36 Field Survey Current concentrations of CO2 checked in Thailand using mobile sensor ( 2009) Observation sites are Bangkok ( Urban), Nakhon Si Thammarat ( Costal area ) Higher concentration observed in Bangkok as compare to Nakhon Si Thammarat 37 Conclusion ( CO2) Good correlation between SCIAMACHY and in situ observations The higher concentrations are observed over the urban and industrial zones During burning of rice field, high concentration observed over agricultural field During summer, high concentrations observed During cloudy condition lack of observations 38 Conclusion ( NO2) Eastern part observed as a hotspot and main source of NO2 emission (Urban and Industrial sector) January to April high emission from agricultural field Forest shows less concentration Good correlations observed between some ground stations and SCIAMACHY result Southern part shows less concentrations as compare to other part of Thailand ( many mangroves forests and costal zone) 39 SCHIAMACHY Challenges It is not possible for SCIAMACHY to measure the trace gases during night time or cloudy conditions The repeat cycle is 6 days ( Poor temporal coverage) For understanding the source and sinks of Carbon dioxide better spatial resolution satellites required For quantifying sources and sinks of trace gases a measurement accuracy need 1% or better than that GOSAT is new GHG measurement satellite with better resolution than SCIAMACHY (0.5 km) 40 Acknowledgement I would like to say thanks to University of Leicester, UK ( Dr. Paul Monk, Dr.Alan Hewitte) University of Bremen, Germany ( Dr. Andreas Ritcher ) University of Edinburgh , UK ( Dr. Micheal Barkley ) Silpakorn University , Thailand ( Dr. Ornprapa Robert) Dr. I.V. Murali Krishna ( India) Pollution Control Department ( PCD), Thailand 41 42