Download Inorganic Chemistry PP

Inorganic Chemistry
study of compounds that do not
contain Carbon
Except: CO2 and CO
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Organic Chemistry
• Study of compounds that do contain Carbon
• Foundation:
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from mid 1800's evolved from alchemist
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living sources were different from minerals
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Torbern Bergman (1770) first to express
difference b/w organic and inorganic
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What is it?
• The study of carbon compounds (C)
atomic number = 6
mass number = 12
• There > 100 elements
• Living organisms are composed of almost
entirely six elements.
P, C, H, O, N, S
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Why is it Special?
• Living organisms = organic compounds
• over 2 million compound combinations exist
• C has ability to form strong and stable
covalent bonds
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4 Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Terms
• Building Blocks (Subunits)
• Monomers: make large compounds
• Polymers: made when monomers join
together
• Polymerization: process of joining monomers
to make polymers
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Carbohydrates: Sugars
• Function:
• Provide energy
• Provides structure for plants
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Atoms:
C, H, O
Ratio of 2(H) to 1(O)
Examples:
C6 H12 O6 & C12 H22O11
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Monosaccharides (AKA simple sugars)
are the building blocks of
Carbohydrates
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Contain 3 to 7 C atoms
3 = triose
4 = tetrose
5 = pentose
6 = hexose
7 = heptose
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Examples
of Simple Sugars
• Hexose:
glucose = blood sugar
fructose = fruit sugar
galactose = milk sugar
Pentose:
Deoxyribose: DNA sugar
Ribose: RNA sugar
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How to Id carbs
• “Ose”ending
• Contains C, H, O
• Ratio of 2H to 1O in the molecular formula
• Structures:
• Chain
• Ring
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Nucleic Acids
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Functions:
Store genetic information
Control cellular activities
Direct protein synthesis
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Atoms:
• P, C, H, O, N
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Building Blocks: Nucleotides
• 3 parts of nucleotide
• 5 carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose)
• Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine,
cytosine, uracil)
• Phosphate group
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When nucleotides join they either
form a single strand or a double helix.
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RNA: ribonucleic acid
Reads the genetic messages
Single strand
RNA contains the nitrogenous (organic0 bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
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When nucleotides join they either
form a single strand or a double helix
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DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic message
Double helix strands
DNA contains the nitrogenous bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
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Proteins
• Functions
• Enzymes:
– all enzymes are proteins
– Many have ase ending
• Structural:
– Hair = keratin
– Connective tissue = collagen, elastin
– Muscle proteins = actin, myosin
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Functions Cont.
• Hormones:
– Insulin
– Growth hormone
– And other
• Transport
– Hemoglobin = oxygen in blood
– Myoglobin = oxygen in muscles
– Serum albumin = fatty acids in blood
• Defense
– Immunoglobulins (antinbodies)
• Fibrinogen (blood clotting)
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Atoms:
• C, H, O, N and S (sometimes)
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Building blocks:
• Amino acids: there are 20 common amino
acids in proteins
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Structure
• Basic Structure Amino Acids
• NH 2 = amino groups
• COOH = carboxyl group
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Dehydration Synthesis
Amino acids link to form proteins
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Peptide bonds
• Bonds that form between amino acids
• Dipeptide bond: formed between 2 amino
acids
• Polypeptide bond: formed between more than
2 amino acids
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How to id proteins
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NH2 group
COOH
“in” ending
“ase” ending
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Lipids
• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
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Function
• Provide energy
• Provide structure for cell membrane
• Chemical messenger
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Atoms
• C, H,O
• No fixed ratio
• Less O than carbs
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Monomers
• Fatty Acids: long chains of H & C atoms with a
COOH (carboxyl) at end
• Glycerol: organic alcohol; contains 3 C’s each
attached to a OH (hydroxyl)
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How to id lipids
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Waxy/oily
Contains C,H,O
Contains 2/3 fatty acids molecule
Contains a glycerol molecule
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Dehydration synthesis
• Joining of fatty acids and glycerol to make
lipids
Hydrolysis
• Lipids break down
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Saturated fats
• No binding sites are open
• Meats and dairy
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Unsaturated Fats
• Bonding sites are open
• Shortening and margarine
• Solid at room temp
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Polysaturated
• Lots of open bonding sites
• Oils
• Liquid at room temp
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