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Homework 11a Particles and Waves - Nuclear Reactions 1. Which of the following statements describes nuclear fission? 2003 Q30 ! ! ! ! A! ! A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing several neutrons. ! ! ! ! B! ! A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing several electrons. ! ! ! ! C! ! A nucleus of large mass number splits into tow nuclei, releasing! several protons. ! ! D! Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several electrons. ! ! E! Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several neutrons. (1) 2. In 1908, Rutherford carried out his famous alpha-particle scattering experiment. The particles were fired at a target, and a detector was used to determine how many of the αparticles were scattered to various positions around the target. His conclusion based on these results was that an atom must contain a nucleus. ! ! (a)!What material did Rutherford use as the target? (1) ! ! (b)!State the three main conclusions drawn about the nucleus. (2) ! (c) Explain how the results of the experiment led to each of these conclusions. (2) 3. A nuclear reaction is described by the equation below: ! ! ! (a)!What type of reaction is this? (1) ! ! (b)!Calculate the missing numbers X and Y. (1) ! ! (c)!Using information from the table below, calculate the energy released in this reaction. NUCLEUS/PARTICLE 239 Pu 239.0512 137 Te y MASS (U) 137.0000 Mo 99.9066 1 1.0087 n (1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg) 19 (4) Homework 11b Particles and Waves - Nuclear reactions 1996 Q11 masses of the nuclei and particles involved in the reactions are as follows. 996 Q11(a) Two possible nuclear reactions involving uranium are represented by the statements shown below. (a) Two4.possible nuclear reactions involvinginvolving uranium are represented by thebystatements shown belo (a) Two possible nuclear reactions uranium are represented the 1996 Q11 1996 Q11 shown below. involving uranium are represented by the statements shown (a) Twostatements possible nuclear reactions below. The masses of the nuclei and particles involved in the reactions are as follows. ! The masses of the nuclei and particles involved in the reactions are as follows. The masses of the nuclei involved in reactions the reactions are as follows. The masses of the nucleiand andparticles particles involved in the are as follows. ! ! (i) What type of nuclear reaction is described by statements A and B? (1) !(i) What ! type of nuclear reaction described by by statements A and B?A and B? What type of nuclear reaction is isdescribed statements ! ! (ii) Show by calculation how much mass is "Lost" in each of reactions A and B. (2) (ii) Show by calculation muchismass is "Lost" in each ofAreactions A and B. nuclearhow reaction described by statements and B? ! What type ofhow Show by!(iii)(i) calculation much mass is "Lost" in each of reactions A and B. which of the reactions and B greater amount by calculation howofmuch mass is releases "Lost" inthe each of reactions A of andenergy. B.amount of ! (ii)Explain ! Show(iii) Explain which theAreactions A and B releases the greater (2) (b) !Awhich third possible nuclear reaction involving isreleases represented by the following statement.of energy. Explain of the reactions A releases the greater amount (iii) which of the reactions Aand and BB the greater amount of energy. ! Explain energy. A third possible nuclear reaction involving is represented by the following statement. hird possible nuclear reaction involving is represented theB? following statement. (i)(b)What type of nuclear reaction is described by statementsby A and ! (ii) ! Show calculation much massinvolving is "Lost"is in each of reactions A and B. (b)by A third possiblehow nuclear reaction represented by the following statement. (iii) !Explain which of the reactions A and B releases the greater amount of energy. (i) possible The symbol for thereaction uranium nucleus is is represented by the following statement. (b) A third nuclear involving (i) The symbol for the uranium nucleus is (i) The symbol for the uranium nucleus is The symbol for the uranium nucleus is (i) TheWhat symbol for the about uranium nucleusinisthe nucleus is provided by the numbers 92 and 235? information the particles about the particles in the nucleusinisthe provided by the numbers 92 ! ! What! information What information about the particles nucleus is provided by and the 235?(2) the number92represented by y. y. !(ii)(ii)Determine ! Determine ! numbers and 235? by the number represented ! ! (ii) Determine the number represented by y. (1) Total the 20 numbers 9 What information aboutabout the the particles nucleus is provided What information particlesin in the the nucleus is provided by theby numbers 92 and 235 20 Determine the number represented (ii) Determine the number representedby byy. y. Homework 11a Particles and Waves - Nuclear Reactions 1. Which of the following statements describes nuclear fission? 2003 Q30 ! ! ! ! A! ! A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing several neutrons. ! ! ! ! B! ! A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing several electrons. ! ! ! ! C! ! A nucleus of large mass number splits into tow nuclei, releasing! several protons. ! ! D! Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several electrons. ! ! E! Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several neutrons. (1) 2. In 1908, Rutherford carried out his famous alpha-particle scattering experiment. The particles were fired at a target, and a detector was used to determine how many of the αparticles were scattered to various positions around the target. His conclusion based on these results was that an atom must contain a nucleus. ! ! (a)!What material did Rutherford use as the target? (1) ! ! (b)!State the three main conclusions drawn about the nucleus. (2) ! (c) Explain how the results of the experiment led to each of these conclusions. (2) 3. A nuclear reaction is described by the equation below: ! ! ! (a)!What type of reaction is this? (1) ! ! (b)!Calculate the missing numbers X and Y. (1) ! ! (c)!Using information from the table below, calculate the energy released in this reaction. NUCLEUS/PARTICLE 239 Pu 239.0512 137 Te y MASS (U) 137.0000 Mo 99.9066 1 1.0087 n (1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg) 19 (4) Homework 10b Particles and Waves - Forces on a charged particle Neglecting air friction, calculate the speed of the bead at plate Y 2006 Q24 2006 Q24. The diagram below shows the basic features of a proton 5. The diagram below shows the basic features of aaccelerator. proton accelerator. It is enclosed in an evacuated container. It is enclosed in an evacuated container. Protons released proton source startstart fromfrom rest at P. at P. A potential difference of 200 Protons releasedfrom fromthethe proton source rest A potential difference of 200PkV is maintained between P and Q. kV is maintained between and Q. (a) What is meant by the term potential difference of 200 kV? !(b) Explain (a) What is protons meant released by the term difference of Q. 200 kV? why at P potential are accelerated towards (1) (c) Calculate: ! (b) the Explain released at P are accelerated (i) work why doneprotons on a proton as it accelerates from P to Q; towards Q. (1) (ii) the speed of a proton as it reaches Q. !(d) The (c) distance Calculate: between P and Q is now halved. (2) ! ! (i) theifwork on change a proton as on it accelerates P toasQ; What effect, any, done does this have the speed of from a proton it reaches Q? ! ! (ii) the speed of a proton as it reaches Q. (2) Justify your answer. ! ! (d) The distance between P and Q is now halved. What effect, if any, does this change have on the speed of a proton as it reaches Q? Justify your answer. (2) 6.!An S1 asks you what a particle accelerator is and how it works. Write out your explanation to them. You must include ʻelectric fieldʼ and ʻmagnetic fieldʼ and ʻcharged particleʼ in your answer. (3) Total 20 18 Homework 10a Particles and Waves - Forces on a charged particle 1. Two parallel plates , R and S, are connected to a 2.0V d.c. supply as shown. An electron moves from plate R to plate S. The gain in electrical potential energy of the electron is ! ! A! 8.0 x 10-20 J ! ! B! 1.6 x 10-19 J ! ! C! 3.2 x 10-19 J ! ! D! 6.4 x 10-19 J ! ! E! 1.3 x 10-19 J (1) 2. What is the definition of a volt? (1) 3.Look at the following diagram. ! ! ! charged particle ! (a)!What is the potential difference between the two plates? (2) (b) Calculate the work done in moving the charged particle across the electric field from the 100V to the 300V plate. (2) 4. Calculate the voltage of electric field required to accelerate an electron from rest to 6% of the speed of light in a vacuum. 17 (3) Homework 9a Particles and Waves - The Standard Model 1. Which of these statements is/are correct? I Hardons are particles made from quarks II The strong force holds quarks together III A proton is an example of a hardon A I only D III only B I and II only E I, II and III C I and III only 2.! (a) What are the four fundamental forces? ! (b) Briefly explain any difference between the ʻweakʼ and ʻstrongʼ forces. ! (c) Why is the gravitational force not included in the Standard Model? (1) (4) 3. Re-write the following quantities using the most appropriate prefix.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (a)!0.000 006 m (b)!1 500 000 000 Hz (c)! 3200 W (d)!0.008 g (e)!2.7 x 106 J (f)! 7.42 x 10-7 m (3) 4. (a) According to modern particle theory, protons, and neutrons are composed of combinations of up and down quarks. Up quarks have a charge of +2/3e while down quarks have a charge of -1/3e. ! ! (i) Name the force which holds the quarks together in protons and neutrons. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (ii) State the combination of up and down quarks which make up: ! (A) a proton ! (B) a neutron ! (c) The released electron has a kinetic energy of 0.15MeV , what is its velocity? 1 electron volt = 1.60217646 × 10-19 joules AH 2006 Q9 (b) A neutron can decay into a proton, electron and antineutrino. Name the force associated with this decay. 5. What is the latest press release from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN? (see http://press.web.cern.ch/press/ or search the news) Total 15 16 (6) (1) Homework 12a Particles and Waves - Wave Particle Duality 1. When light of frequency f is shone on to a certain metal. photoelectrons are ejected with a maximum velocity v and kinetic energy Ek. Two lights with the same frequency are now shone on the same metal. Which of the following statements is/are true. ! I! Twice as many electrons are ejected per second. ! II! The speed of the fastest electron is 2v. ! III! The kinetic energy of the fastest electron is now 2Ek ! ! ! A! I only ! ! ! B! I and II only ! ! ! C! I and III only ! ! ! D! III only ! ! ! E !I, II and III ! (1) 2. The work function for sodium metal is 2.9x10-19 J . Light of wavelength 5.4x10-7 m strikes the surface of this metal. What is the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the surface? (2) [Data:- Planckʼs constant = 6.63x10-34 Js] 3. For a certain metal, the energy required to eject an electron from an atom is 3 x 10-19 J. ! ! (a)!What is the minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation required to produce the photoelectric effect with this metal? ! ! (b)!The metal is illuminated with blue light that has a wavelength of 400 nm. Show by calculation that this will cause the photoelectric effect to occur. ! ! (c)! Calculate the kinetic energy that the ejected electrons will have when the metal is illuminated with this light. 21 (2) (2) (1)