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Homework 11a
Particles and Waves - Nuclear Reactions
1. Which of the following statements describes nuclear fission?
2003 Q30
!
!
!
!
A!
!
A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing
several neutrons.
!
!
!
!
B!
!
A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing
several electrons.
!
!
!
!
C!
!
A nucleus of large mass number splits into tow nuclei, releasing!
several protons.
!
!
D!
Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several electrons.
!
!
E!
Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several neutrons.
(1)
2. In 1908, Rutherford carried out his famous alpha-particle scattering experiment. The
particles were fired at a target, and a detector was used to determine how many of the αparticles were scattered to various positions around the target. His conclusion based on
these results was that an atom must contain a nucleus.
!
! (a)!What material did Rutherford use as the target?
(1)
!
! (b)!State the three main conclusions drawn about the nucleus.
(2)
!
(c) Explain how the results of the experiment led to each of these conclusions.
(2)
3. A nuclear reaction is described by the equation below:
!
!
! (a)!What type of reaction is this?
(1)
!
! (b)!Calculate the missing numbers X and Y.
(1)
!
! (c)!Using information from the table below, calculate the energy released in
this reaction.
NUCLEUS/PARTICLE
239
Pu
239.0512
137
Te
y
MASS (U)
137.0000
Mo
99.9066
1
1.0087
n
(1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg)
19
(4)
Homework 11b
Particles and Waves - Nuclear reactions
1996 Q11
masses
of the nuclei and particles involved in the reactions are as follows.
996 Q11(a) Two possible nuclear reactions involving uranium are represented by the statements shown below.
(a) Two4.possible
nuclear
reactions
involvinginvolving
uranium
are represented
by thebystatements
shown belo
(a) Two
possible
nuclear reactions
uranium
are represented
the
1996 Q11
1996 Q11
shown
below. involving uranium are represented by the statements shown
(a) Twostatements
possible nuclear
reactions
below.
The masses of the nuclei and particles involved in the reactions are as follows.
!
The masses of the nuclei and particles involved in the reactions are as follows.
The masses
of the
nuclei
involved
in reactions
the reactions
are as follows.
The masses
of the
nucleiand
andparticles
particles involved
in the
are as follows.
!
!
(i) What type of nuclear reaction is described by statements A and B?
(1)
!(i) What
!
type of nuclear
reaction
described by by
statements
A and B?A and B?
What type
of
nuclear
reaction
is isdescribed
statements
!
!
(ii) Show by calculation how much mass is "Lost" in each of reactions A and B. (2)
(ii) Show
by calculation
muchismass
is "Lost"
in each ofAreactions
A and B.
nuclearhow
reaction
described
by statements
and B?
! What type ofhow
Show by!(iii)(i)
calculation
much
mass
is
"Lost"
in
each
of
reactions
A and B.
which
of the
reactions
and B
greater
amount
by
calculation
howofmuch
mass
is releases
"Lost"
inthe
each
of reactions
A of
andenergy.
B.amount of
! (ii)Explain
! Show(iii)
Explain
which
theAreactions
A and
B releases
the greater
(2)
(b) !Awhich
third
possible
nuclear
reaction
involving
isreleases
represented
by the
following
statement.of energy.
Explain
of
the
reactions
A
releases
the
greater
amount
(iii)
which
of the
reactions
Aand
and BB
the greater
amount
of energy.
! Explain
energy.
A third possible nuclear reaction involving is represented by the following statement.
hird possible
nuclear
reaction
involving
is represented
theB?
following statement.
(i)(b)What
type of nuclear
reaction
is described
by statementsby
A and
!
(ii) ! Show
calculation
much
massinvolving
is "Lost"is in
each of reactions
A and B.
(b)by
A third
possiblehow
nuclear
reaction
represented
by the following
statement.
(iii) !Explain which of the reactions A and B releases the greater amount of energy.
(i) possible
The symbol
for thereaction
uranium nucleus
is is represented by the following statement.
(b) A third
nuclear
involving
(i) The symbol for the uranium nucleus is
(i) The symbol for the uranium nucleus is
The symbol for the uranium nucleus is
(i) TheWhat
symbol
for the about
uranium
nucleusinisthe nucleus is provided by the numbers 92 and 235?
information
the particles
about the particles
in the
nucleusinisthe
provided
by the
numbers 92
!
! What! information
What information
about the
particles
nucleus
is provided
by and
the 235?(2)
the
number92represented
by y.
y.
!(ii)(ii)Determine
! Determine
!
numbers
and 235? by
the number
represented
!
!
(ii) Determine the number represented by y.
(1)
Total the
20 numbers 9
What information
aboutabout
the the
particles
nucleus
is provided
What information
particlesin
in the
the nucleus
is provided
by theby
numbers
92 and 235
20
Determine
the number
represented
(ii) Determine
the number
representedby
byy.
y.
Homework 11a
Particles and Waves - Nuclear Reactions
1. Which of the following statements describes nuclear fission?
2003 Q30
!
!
!
!
A!
!
A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing
several neutrons.
!
!
!
!
B!
!
A nucleus of large mass number splits into two nuclei, releasing
several electrons.
!
!
!
!
C!
!
A nucleus of large mass number splits into tow nuclei, releasing!
several protons.
!
!
D!
Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several electrons.
!
!
E!
Two nuclei combine to form one nucleus, releasing several neutrons.
(1)
2. In 1908, Rutherford carried out his famous alpha-particle scattering experiment. The
particles were fired at a target, and a detector was used to determine how many of the αparticles were scattered to various positions around the target. His conclusion based on
these results was that an atom must contain a nucleus.
!
! (a)!What material did Rutherford use as the target?
(1)
!
! (b)!State the three main conclusions drawn about the nucleus.
(2)
!
(c) Explain how the results of the experiment led to each of these conclusions.
(2)
3. A nuclear reaction is described by the equation below:
!
!
! (a)!What type of reaction is this?
(1)
!
! (b)!Calculate the missing numbers X and Y.
(1)
!
! (c)!Using information from the table below, calculate the energy released in
this reaction.
NUCLEUS/PARTICLE
239
Pu
239.0512
137
Te
y
MASS (U)
137.0000
Mo
99.9066
1
1.0087
n
(1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg)
19
(4)
Homework 10b
Particles and Waves - Forces on a charged particle
Neglecting air friction, calculate the speed of the bead at plate Y
2006 Q24
2006 Q24.
The
diagram
below
shows
the basic
features
of a proton
5.
The
diagram
below
shows
the basic
features
of aaccelerator.
proton accelerator. It is enclosed in an
evacuated
container.
It is enclosed
in an evacuated container.
Protons released
proton
source
startstart
fromfrom
rest at
P. at P. A potential difference of 200
Protons
releasedfrom
fromthethe
proton
source
rest
A potential
difference
of 200PkV
is maintained
between P and Q.
kV
is maintained
between
and
Q.
(a) What is meant by the term potential difference of 200 kV?
!(b) Explain
(a) What
is protons
meant released
by the term
difference
of Q.
200 kV?
why
at P potential
are accelerated
towards
(1)
(c) Calculate:
!
(b) the
Explain
released
at P are accelerated
(i)
work why
doneprotons
on a proton
as it accelerates
from P to Q; towards Q.
(1)
(ii) the speed of a proton as it reaches Q.
!(d) The
(c) distance
Calculate:
between P and Q is now halved.
(2)
!
!
(i) theifwork
on change
a proton
as on
it accelerates
P toasQ;
What
effect,
any, done
does this
have
the speed of from
a proton
it reaches Q?
!
!
(ii) the speed of a proton as it reaches Q.
(2)
Justify your answer.
!
!
(d) The distance between P and Q is now halved. What effect, if any, does this
change have on the speed of a proton as it reaches Q? Justify your answer.
(2)
6.!An S1 asks you what a particle accelerator is and how it works. Write out your
explanation to them. You must include ʻelectric fieldʼ and ʻmagnetic fieldʼ and ʻcharged
particleʼ in your answer.
(3)
Total 20
18
Homework 10a
Particles and Waves - Forces on a charged particle
1. Two parallel plates , R and S, are connected to a 2.0V d.c. supply as shown.
An electron moves from plate R to plate S. The gain in electrical potential energy of the
electron is
!
!
A!
8.0 x 10-20 J
!
!
B!
1.6 x 10-19 J
!
!
C!
3.2 x 10-19 J
!
!
D!
6.4 x 10-19 J
!
!
E!
1.3 x 10-19 J
(1)
2. What is the definition of a volt?
(1)
3.Look at the following diagram.
!
!
!
charged particle
! (a)!What is the potential difference between the two plates?
(2)
(b) Calculate the work done in moving the charged particle across the electric field
from the 100V to the 300V plate.
(2)
4. Calculate the voltage of electric field required to accelerate an electron from rest
to 6% of the speed of light in a vacuum.
17
(3)
Homework 9a
Particles and Waves - The Standard Model
1. Which of these statements is/are correct?
I
Hardons are particles made from quarks
II
The strong force holds quarks together
III
A proton is an example of a hardon
A
I only
D
III only
B
I and II only
E
I, II and III
C
I and III only
2.!
(a) What are the four fundamental forces?
!
(b) Briefly explain any difference between the ʻweakʼ and ʻstrongʼ forces.
!
(c) Why is the gravitational force not included in the Standard Model?
(1)
(4)
3. Re-write the following quantities using the most appropriate prefix.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(a)!0.000 006 m
(b)!1 500 000 000 Hz
(c)! 3200 W
(d)!0.008 g
(e)!2.7 x 106 J
(f)! 7.42 x 10-7 m
(3)
4.
(a) According to modern particle theory, protons, and neutrons are composed of
combinations of up and down quarks. Up quarks have a charge of +2/3e while down
quarks have a charge of -1/3e.
!
!
(i) Name the force which holds the quarks together in protons and neutrons.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
(ii) State the combination of up and down quarks which make up:
!
(A) a proton
!
(B) a neutron
!
(c) The released electron has a kinetic energy of 0.15MeV , what is its velocity?
1 electron volt = 1.60217646 × 10-19 joules
AH 2006 Q9
(b) A neutron can decay into a proton, electron and antineutrino. Name the force
associated with this decay.
5. What is the latest press release from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN?
(see http://press.web.cern.ch/press/ or search the news)
Total 15
16
(6)
(1)
Homework 12a
Particles and Waves - Wave Particle Duality
1. When light of frequency f is shone on to a certain metal. photoelectrons are ejected with
a maximum velocity v and kinetic energy Ek. Two lights with the same frequency are
now shone on the same metal. Which of the following statements is/are true.
!
I!
Twice as many electrons are ejected per second.
!
II!
The speed of the fastest electron is 2v.
!
III!
The kinetic energy of the fastest electron is now 2Ek
!
!
!
A!
I only
!
!
!
B!
I and II only
!
!
!
C!
I and III only
!
!
!
D!
III only
!
!
!
E
!I, II and III
!
(1)
2. The work function for sodium metal is 2.9x10-19 J . Light of wavelength 5.4x10-7 m
strikes the surface of this metal. What is the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from
the surface?
(2)
[Data:- Planckʼs constant = 6.63x10-34 Js]
3. For a certain metal, the energy required to eject an electron from an atom is 3 x 10-19 J.
!
! (a)!What is the minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation required to
produce the photoelectric effect with this metal?
!
! (b)!The metal is illuminated with blue light that has a wavelength of 400 nm.
Show by calculation that this will cause the photoelectric effect to occur.
!
! (c)! Calculate the kinetic energy that the ejected electrons will have when the
metal is illuminated with this light.
21
(2)
(2)
(1)