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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Chapter 13 Learning Objectives 1. Introduction: Understanding Psychological Disorders 2. Misconceptions about Psychological Disorders 3. DSM IV A. B. C. D. 4. Discuss Psychological Disorders in 4 Common Categories Anxiety Mood Disorders Eating Disorders Sleep Disorders 5. Suicide: Consequence of Psychological Problems 1. Introduction: Understanding Psychological Disorders What is a Psychological Disorder? About 290 Specific Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder or Mental Disorder = A pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life, or both. The area of psychology and medicine helps us gain a more in-depth understanding of psychological disorders through… Psychopathology = the scientific study of the origins, symptoms and development of psychological disorders. 2. Misconceptions about Psychological Disorders 1st - What is the dividing line between “normal” & “crazy” behavior? A. The difference between normal and abnormal behavior may be a matter of degree a behavior happens. Normal = one may check 1 or 2 times to make sure the stove is off Abnormal = go back and check the stove 50 times B. It is important to consider ones social and cultural norms when determining between “normal” & “crazy” behavior. Normal = some cultures hear voices or talk to spirits Abnormal = most people in the U.S. would find this behavior abnormal 2. Misconceptions about Psychological Disorders 2nd - When we see someone's behavior as weird or out-of-the-ordinary we sometimes easily label them as nuts, crazy, insane. Maybe the labeled individual is only being creative or expressing new ideas. Example: Inventions: “shark-suit” (easier to label crazy then to test it) It is convenient to label 2. Misconceptions about Psychological Disorders 3rd – Negative stereotypes are given to those with mental issues. Example: Media & T.V. 70% of characters labeled mentally ill are violent. A psychopathic murder who helps catch another psychopathic killer… “The Silence of the Lambs” movie. Study Are people with a mental disorder more violent then other people? Monitored Group #1 (Experimental Group) 1,000 mental patients 1 year after they were discharged from psychiatric facilities Monitored Group #2 (Control Group) Non-mental patients living in same neighborhood as the 1000 former mental patients Findings Former mental patients did not have a high rate of violence then the comparison group Stronger predictors of violence are… 1. Living in impoverished neighborhoods 2. Drug and alcohol abuse 2. Misconceptions about Psychological Disorders Can you see how social stigmas associated with psychological disorders and labels could effect others? People may not want to seek help. When determining if ones behavior is “normal” or “abnormal” practice thinking of things that should be considered before labeling a disorder. 3. DSM IV DSM IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition Mental health professionals may refer to the DSM IV. The DSM IV is a book that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders. 1. Published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) 2. Describes approximately 290 specific psychological disorders 3. Includes: A. Symptoms B. Specific criteria must be met in order for a person to be diagnosed with that disorder C. Typical course for each mental disorder The DSM IV is broken down into “diagnostic categories” Example: Eating Disorders Each category has specific disorders related to that category Example: Anorexia, Bulimia = 2 specific disorders under the category eating disorders Facts of Interest Studies show gender differences between certain mental disorders. Women suffer more from: Major Depression Anxiety Disorders Men suffer more from: Substance abuse (Dependence Disorders) Antisocial Personality Disorders Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders = Disruptive feelings of fear, apprehension, or anxiety, or distortions in behavior that are anxiety related. You have anxiety attacks and feel like your are going to die; or you are afraid to do things that most people can do; or you spend unusual amounts of time doing things like washing your hands or counting your heartbeats. Generalize Anxiety Disorder (GAD) A chronic state of tension and worry about work, relationships, ability, or impending disaster. GAD most often strikes people in childhood and adolescence but can begin in adulthood, too. Phobias Is a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists. Typically begins in childhood or early adolescence; rarely develops after age 25. Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder (With Agoraphobia) A chronic state of anxiety and brief moments of sudden panic. The person fears that these panic attacks will occur in public places or unfamiliar situations. Panic disorder typically strikes in young adulthood. Panic Disorder (Without Agoraphobia) A chronic state of anxiety and also brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) An extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors. OCD typically begins during adolescence or early childhood. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) A psychological disturbance lasting more than 1 month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them. About 30% of the men and women who have spent time in war zones experience PTSD. Others who suffer from PTSD include; rescue workers, survivors of earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and survivors of rape and physical or sexual abuse. Mood Disorders Mood Disorders = A major disturbance in mood or emotion, such as depression or mania. Depression You feel sad and hopeless; or you talk too loud and too fast and have a rush of ideas and feelings that others think are unreasonable. Emotional disorder primarily involving sadness, hopelessness, and depression. Major depression often begins between ages 15 and 30. Bipolar Disorder Emotional disorders involving both depression and mania or hypomania. Without effective treatment, bipolar disorder leads to suicide in nearly 20% of the cases. 1 in a 100 highly genetic Eating Disorders Obesity Double the individual's normal body weight. Slow suicide (crush heart) Pica Consumes uneatable substances. For example, dirt, clay, led, grass, paint, body stuff, money… Anorexia Self Starvation Bulimia Binge and Purge (In & Out) Sleep Disorders Sleep disturbances: Things that go wrong in the night. Hypersomnia Insomnia Narcolepsy Nightmare Disorder Periodic Limb Movement Syndrome REM Behavior Disorder Sleep apnea Sleep Terror Disorder Sleepwalking Disorder 5. Suicide: Consequence of Psychological Problems SAD PERSON Sex Age Female = Attempt more Xs (pills, cut) Male = Successful more often & attempt less (gun, hang, jump off high places) 15-24 = high suicide rate Life transitions can be difficult. Erik Erikson said, “Life is like a wall and one can not see around it.” Depression Adolescence mask depression through violence and aggression. Look for an increase in “the blues” and a decrease in concentration, mood and memory. 5. Suicide: Consequence of Psychological Problems SAD PERSON Previous Attempt Easier to attempt 2nd time Completed (most likely done before) Learned behavior (mom, grandma) Not based on SOS Warning Signs: Sleep patterns Drugs/Alcohol Don’t care about milestones (HS, Driving) Give away or take things back * Never “romanticize” or make a big deal about someone's suicide. For example: “That’s how I can get in the paper or school year book. I can get a full page picture in the year book at SMHS.” 5. Suicide: Consequence of Psychological Problems SAD PERSON Ethanol (Drinking Alcohol or Drug Abuse) Easier A friend of mine, Mike (cop), got drunk, parked his car in a field and shot himself. He may not have committed suicide if was not drinking. He had a daughter at home. * Suicide is the most selfish thing one could do. Rational Thinking Loss Social Supports Lacking Who do you talk to? Who is your social support? * Start with the facts and do not beat around the bush: “Are you going to kill yourself?” It is ok to ask someone. It is a false belief that you will put ideas in their head. 5. Suicide: Consequence of Psychological Problems SAD PERSON Organized Plan Check if the person has a plan Check if the person has a weapon No Spouse / Break Up Fewer married people kill themselves Break-ups can be devastating Sickness Terminal illness