Download Class II English and Greek Nouns_2014

LAN 401 BEGINNING
GREEK I
Class II: English and Greek Nouns
English and Greek Nouns
1.1 Important Concepts and Definitions
 English grammar first!
 Inflection
 Subjective
case
 Indirect object
 Etc.
 We cannot learn Greek grammar before we know
English grammar!
English and Greek Nouns

Inflection – “when words change their form”

He  his


He is the king ---- The king imprisoned him.
She  her

She has read the book ----- She has read her book
Know  knew
 Prince  princess

 Word may change when it performs different functions in the
sentence
 Greek is highly inflected!
English Nouns
1.2 Case in English
 Function
of a noun as it related to verb in a sentence (or
other parts of the sentence)  case

Three cases in English
 Subjective
case
 Possessive
case
 Objective
case
English Nouns
1.2.1 Subjective case
 If
the word is the subject of a verb  subjective case
 John
went to the gym
 The dog ran away

To locate subject, ask “who” or “what”
English Nouns
1.2.2 Possessive Case

If the word demonstrates possession
 possessive case
 Her
New Testament has been taken away
 Our
dog is in a neighbor’s yard
English Nouns
1.2.3 Objective Case
 If a word is a direct object  objective case

Direct object = person /thing directly affected by the action
of verb
John failed his test
 The preacher preached the word


To locate direct object, ask “whom” or “what”
English Nouns

Most English word do not change their form in different
cases
Teacher likes him (subjective case)
 He likes the teacher (objective case)
 BUT: He is teacher’s pet (possessive case)

Case
Function
Subj.
Pos.
Obj.
Subject
Possession
Direct object
Examples
He borrowed my computer
He borrowed my computer
He borrowed my computer
English Nouns
1.3 Number
 Words can be singular or plural
 One
student
 Three
students
 One or many
English Nouns
1.4 Gender
 Words are either masculine, feminine, or neuter
 He
 She
 it
 Some words change their form
 He

gave it to her. (all are sg.3 pronouns)
Also: steward – stewardess; prince - princess
English Nouns
1.5 Declension in English
 Declension

Grouping of nouns according to endings
A

noun is a word which designates a person, place, or thing
Ex. English plural nouns

Adding “s” OR “es” OR irregular plural nouns
Cat – cats
wish – wishes mouse – mice
 Meaning remains the same
 A declension is a pattern of inflection!
Parts of Speech
1.6 Parts of Speech
 Noun
a
word that stands for someone or something
 Bill

threw his big red book at the teacher
Adjective
A
word that modifies a noun (or another adjective)
 ‘big’,
‘red’
Parts of Speech

Preposition

A word that shows a relationship between two other words



My Greek book is under the table
Subject and Predicate
Sentence has two parts: subject and predicate
Subject: subject of the verb & what modifies the subject
 Predicate: rest of the sentence


My favorite Greek book is placed inside my desk.
Parts of Speech

Articles
 Definite
 The
article: “The”
book I read is excellent
 Specific book
 Indefinite
I
article: “a”/”an”
read a book yesterday
 Some book in general
Case in Greek
2.1 Nominative and Accusative
2.1.1 Nominative - designation


Main idea – subject of a sentence (“naming” case)
ὁ ἀπόστολος γινώσκει
 The apostle knows
ἀπόστολο - ς
Stem
 Masculine singular word
Case Ending
Case in Greek
2.1.2 Accusative - limitation

Main idea: the direct object (I see the ball)
ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τόν υἱόν
 The apostle teaches/is teaching the son
υἱόν  υἱό – ν
Accusative
 Masculine singular word
stem+ acc. ending
Case in Greek
2.1.3 Word order in Greek
Case endings, not the word order, determines meaning

English word order: subject – verb – object


Matt saw a car
Greek word order – And listen you must to Yoda!

More freedom in arrangement of the words
 Often
: conjunction-verb-subject-object
 Unusual word order points to an emphasis
 Case endings, not the word order, determines meaning
Case in Greek

Examples of Greek word order
ὁ ἀπόστολος βλέπει τόν υἱόν
τόν υἱόν βλέπει ὁ ἀπόστολος
 The apostle sees the son // The apostle sees the son
ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον (Jh 3:16)
 God loved the world
Case in Greek
2.2 Greek Nouns
Case
Masculine
Feminine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom. Sg.
λόγος
γραφή
ὥρα
ἔργον
Acc. Sg.
λόγον
γραφήν
ὥραν
ἔργον
Nom. Pl.
λόγοι
γραφάι
ὥραι
ἔργα
Acc. Pl.
λόγους
γραφάς
ὥρας
ἔργα
Case in Greek
2.3 Definite Article
Case
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom. Sg.
ὁ
ἡ
τό
Acc. Sg.
τόν
τήν
τό
Nom. Pl.
οἱ
αἱ
τά
Acc. Pl.
τούς
τάς
τά
Case in Greek
Examples
οἱ ἀπόστολοι βλέπουσι τοῦς υἱόυς

The apostles see the sons
τήν βασιλείαν βλέπω
I see the kingdom
ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον (Jh 3:16)
God loved the world
Case in Greek

Workbook pp. 11-14
Case in Greek
3.1 Genitive and Dative
3.1.1 Genitive in English
 Possessive case
 “of”
 The
 The
or “s”
Word of God
apostle’s word was ignored
Case in Greek
3.1.2 Dative in English
 Indirect object
 Person/object
is indirectly affected by the action of the
verb
 Karin
threw the ball to Brad
 Indirect
 ‘to
object answers the question
whom’
 ‘to what’
Case in Greek
3.2 Genitive Case in Greek
 Genitive as possession
 Main
idea: specifies/qualifies the idea or a word it
modifies
 Often refers to possession

ὁ οἶκος τοῦ ἀποστόλου
 The house of the apostle
ἀποστόλο - υ
stem
Case ending
Case in Greek

Genitive as separation
 Main
idea indicates separation
 Same case as genitive – different function
ὁ ἀπόστολος πέμπει τὸυς δούλους τοῦ οἴκου
 The apostle sends the servants from the house
 More uses of genitive on pp. 52-53

“of” is the main idea of genitive!
Case in Greek
3.3 Dative Case in Greek
 Dative as reception
 Main
idea: indirect object of a verb (I spoke “to the
crowd”)
ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγει τῷ ὄχλῳ
 The apostle talks to the crowd
Case in Greek

Dative as location
 Main
idea: location
ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τῷ οἴκῳ
 The apostle teaches in the house
Case in Greek

Dative as means/instrument
 Main
idea: means or instrument
ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει νόμοις
 The apostle teaches with laws
 More uses of dative on pp. 53-54

“to” is the main idea of dative!
Case in Greek
Case
Masculine Feminine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom. Sg.
λόγος
γραφή
ὥρα
ἔργον
Gen. Sg.
λόγου
γραφῆς
ὥρας
ἔργου
Dat. Sg.
λόγῳ
γραφῇ
ὥρᾳ
ἔργῳ
Acc. Sg.
λόγον
γραφήν
ὥραν
ἔργον
Nom. Pl.
λόγοι
γραφαί
ἔργα
Gen. Pl.
λόγων
γραφῶν
ἔργων
Dat. Pl.
λόγοις
γραφαῖς
ἔργοις
Acc. Pl.
λόγους
γραφάς
ἔργα
Case in Greek
Case
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom. Sg.
ὁ
ἡ
τό
Gen. Sg.
τοῦ
τῆς
τοῦ
Dat. Sg.
τῷ
τῇ
τῷ
Acc. Sg.
τόν
τήν
τό
Nom. Pl.
οἱ
αἱ
τά
Gen. Pl.
τῶν
τῶν
τῶν
Dat. Pl.
τοῖς
ταῖς
τοῖς
Acc. Pl.
τούς
τάς
τά
Exegesis and case
3.4 Luke 2:14 – Good will and peace to who?
 14Glory
to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will
toward men. KJV
 14
“Glory to God in the highest heaven,
and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests.”
NIV
 14
"Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among
those with whom he is pleased!“ ESV
 what’s the differences?
Exegesis and Case

Greek text variants:
 Nominative

or genitive
14 Δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν
ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας.
Case in Greek

Workbook pp. 15-18

Homework:
 p.
18, no: 11-17 (translate sentences)