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THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY Outcomes: By the end of this session the student will be able to: Define the words anatomy and physiology Explain the organisation of the body List the body systems Pages 90 – 95 & 124 - 126 Anatomy is the study of the structure of living things. Physiology is the study of the function of living things THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODY. At the simplest level, the body is comprised of atoms. ↓ Atoms combine to form molecules. ↓ Molecules combine to form cells. ↓ Cells combine to form tissues. Tissues combine to form organs. ↓ Organs combine to form organ system or body systems. ↓ Organ systems combine to form the human body. (Herlihy et al. 2000) The Cell The basic unit of body structure is the cell. All cells need food, water, and oxygen to live and function. As cells use or metabolise food and oxygen they give off carbon dioxide and other wastes. CELL COMPOSITION The cell membrane, which is the outer covering. The nucleus which is the control centre. Cytoplasm which surrounds the nucleus. Protoplasm refers to all structures, substances and water within the cell. Chromosomes are threadlike structures within the nucleus. (Sorption, 1997) Tissues Groups of cells form tissues. The structure of tissues reflects their function Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Function Example Protection Skin Support Bones Movement Skeletal Communication Brain Organs Groups of tissues form organs. Each organ has a specific function. Organ Heart Stomach Brain Uterus Function Circulation Digestion Communication/coordination Reproduction Organisation of the body: Definitions: body system: - groups of organs that perform a complex body function e.g. Cardiovascular system organ: - different tissues arranged to perform a specific function e.g. kidney System Skeletal Muscular Together Functions Supports and protects the body Gives movement to the body Organs Bones, joints Muscles, tendons, ligaments The above 2 systems are known as the muscularskeletal system 16 Gastrointestinal System (digestive) Takes in and absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste Mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, ascending, transverse and descending colon, rectum, anus, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas. Nervous System Controls activities of the body Brain, spinal cord, nerves 17 Urinary System Removes wastes Kidney, ureters, from the blood, bladder, urethra produces and eliminates urine Reproductive System To reproduce, allows a new human being to be born, for sexual fulfillment and expression of sexuality Male – testes, scrotum, penis, prostate gland, vas deferens Female – ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, breasts 18 Respiratory System Gives the body air to supply oxygen to the cells via the blood and eliminates carbon dioxide Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs Circulatory System (including lymphatic) Carries food, oxygen, and water to the body cells and removes waste Heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels 19 Endocrine System Secretes hormones directly into the blood to regulate body function Lymphatic System/ Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in the ly Thyroid, parathyroid glands, pineal gland, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, thymus, pancreas, pituitary 20 Integumentary System (Skin) Provides first line of defence against infection, maintains body temperature, and gets rid of waste Skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands 21 ANATOMICAL POSITION 22 Medial plane a vertical plane which divides the body into right and left halves 23 DIRECTIONAL TERMS anterior – front posterior - back distal – furthest from the midline proximal – closest to the centre of a system inferior - below superior - above lateral - side medial – centre or middle peripheral – pertaining to the outside (on the edge) central – pertaining to the centre superficial – pertaining to the surface deep – inside the body 24 Body cavities cranial cavity (brain) spinal cavity (spinal cord) thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, large blood vessels) abdominal cavity (stomach, most of the intestines, kidneys, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, rectum, internal reproductive organs) 25 Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Dorsal Cavity 5 Pericardial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral cavity Abdomal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity 26 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions 1.Epigastric 2. Right hypochondriac 7. Left hypochondriac 3. Umbilical 8. Left lumbar 4. Right lumbar 5. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac 6. Right Iliac 27 QUADRANTS