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ANATOMY
The study of form
and
structure.
PHYSIOLOGY
The study of
function and how
the body works.
The Organ System Level
The Organ Level
The Tissue Level
The Cellular Level
The Chemical (or Molecular) Level
Atoms in
combination
Complex protein
molecule
Protein
filaments
FIGURE 1
THE ORGAN
SYSTEMS
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
Composed of the skin and its
appendages (hair, nails, and
glands)
Major protective mechanism
for the body.
Produces Vitamin D when
exposed to sunlight.
Location of cutaneous
receptors (touch, pain,
pressure, and temperature)
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Protects and supports body organs.
Provides framework for muscles to produce
movement
Site of blood cell production
Stores minerals
Composed of 206 bones
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Allows for movement,
manipulation, and facial
expression
Maintains posture.
Produces heat to help maintain
body temperature.
Composed of the skeletal
muscles. (those attached to the
skeleton)
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Control system of the body
Responds to changes both
internal and external by
activating muscles and glands.
(motor impulses)
Includes all of the sensory organs
(eyes, ears, touch receptors, taste
buds, and smell receptors)
Major organs are the brain, spinal
cord, and all of the major nerves.
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Regulates the internal
environment through the
production of hormones.
Ductless – release secretions
directly into the blood stream.
Hormones often have opposite
effects to maintain homeostasis.
(Negative feedback)
Organs include pituitary, thyroid,
pancreas, adrenal, and sex
glands.
CARDIOVASCULAR
(CIRCULATORY)
SYSTEM
Distributes oxygen, nutrients,
hormones and other substances
throughout the body.
Transports chemical waste products
to the proper organs for disposal.
Composed of:
Blood
Blood vessels (arteries,
veins, and capillaries)
Heart
LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
Picks up fluid within the tissues
and returns it to the blood
stream (interstitial fluid)
Disposes of cellular debris.
Houses white blood cells
involved in immunity.
Contains such organs as the
lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and
appendix.
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Charged with keeping the blood
saturated with oxygen and
removing carbon dioxide.
Gas exchange occurs in tiny air
sacs within the lungs.
Includes other organs including:
Trachea (windpipe)
Larynx (voice box)
Pharynx (throat)
Bronchi and bronchioles
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Breaks down food into absorbable
units.
The walls of the digestive system
absorb these units and then the
blood transports throughout the
body.
Indigestible food stuffs are
eliminated as solid wastes (feces)
Includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and liver.
URINARY
(EXCRETORY)
SYSTEM
Eliminates nitrogenous or
metabolic wastes from the
body by filtering the blood.
Regulates water,
electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood.
Includes the kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder,
and urethra.
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Produce offspring.
Produce the sex hormones that
maintain male and female
secondary sex characteristics.
Major organs:
Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes,
and uterus
Male: testes, duct system,
accessory glands and penis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
There is an order to living things…
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt
HOMEOSTASIS
The ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions even
though the outside world is constantly changing.
Controlled by the interaction between the receptor, control center,
and effector.
Accomplished by:
• Positive Feedback - Tendency to increase the occurrence of an
event until it is resolved – i.e. Blood clotting and the birth of a child
• Negative Feedback – Tendency of the response to cut off or slow
down the original stimulus – i.e. cooling or warming the body.
FIGURE 1.7
3
HOMEOSTASIS
Normal
condition
restored
Normal
condition
disturbed
Normal room
temperature
RESPONSE:
STIMULUS:
Room temperature
drops
Room temperature
rises
EFFECTOR
RECEPTOR
Air conditioner
Thermometer
CONTROL CENTER
(Thermostat)
Sends
commands
to
Information
affects
The setting on a thermostat establishes
the set point, or desired value, which
in this case is the temperature you
select. (In our example, the set point is
22°C, or about 72°F.) The function of the
thermostat is to keep room temperature
within, usually within a
degree or so of the set point.
Features of homeostatic control mechanisms, as shown for the
maintenance of room temperature
FIGURE 1 SECTION 3
1
ANATOMICAL
POSITION
• Standing upright with
feet facing anteriorly.
• Palms of the hands facing
anteriorly.
• Arms held at the sides
and head facing
anteriorly.
Frontal
sinus
cavity
Orbital cavity
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Cranial
cavity
Sphenoidal
sinus cavity
Middle ear
cavity