Download Principle Cavities of the Body

Anatomy and Physiology
•Anatomy deals with the
structure of the body and
its parts
•Physiology studies the
functions of these parts
Levels of Organization
Level
Explanation
Example
Atom
Smallest unit of an element that
maintains the properties of the element.
Oxygen, carbon ,
hydrogen
Molecule
a group atoms held together by a
chemical bond.
Water, glucose
Macromolecule
a group molecules held together by a
chemical bond.
Proteins,
complex
carbohydrates
Organelle
a structure in a cell that has a specialized
function
ribosome
Cell
Smallest unit of life
skin cell, red
blood cell
Tissue
Groups of cells with similar functions.
Muscle,
epithelial,
connective
Organ
Two or more types of tissue working
together to complete a specific task
Heart, stomach
Organ System
A group of organs that carries out a more
generalized set of functions
Digestive,
reproductive,
Organism
The Creator’s symphony of organ systems You
functioning together. In one living unit.
Characteristics of Life
Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical
reactions in the body that break down and build up
substances.
o1. Movement
o2. Responsiveness
o3. Growth
o4. Reproduction
o5. Respiration
o6. Digestion
o7. Absorption
o8. Circulation
o9. Assimilation
o10. Excretion
Staying Alive
Life depends on the availability of the
following:
oWater
oFoods
oOxygen
oHeat
oPressure
Both the quality and quantity of these
are important.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called
homeostasis.
 Receptors:
provide info about
stimuli/conditions in the
internal environment.
 Set
Point: tells what that that
particular value should be.
 Effectors:
responses that alter
conditions in internal environment.
Feedback Systems
Negative Feedback Loop: Restores
stable conditions. Most feedback
mechanisms in the body are
negative. Examples include
temperature and blood pressure
regulation.
Positive Feedback Loop.
Produces unstable conditions (so
they are short lived). Examples are
blood clotting and contractions
during child birth.
Video link:
http://www.bozemanscience.com/positive-andnegative-feedback-loops
Negative Feedback Loop
Receptors:
causes the response that alters the conditions in
the internal environment to maintain
homeostasis
Effector:
An organ that acts in response.
Set Point:
tells what that that particular value
should be
Stimulus:
An action that evokes a response.
Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity
(Anterior)
(Posterior)
Cranial Cavity
•
brain
•
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Pleural
Cavities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trachea
Vessels
Thymus
Nerves
Lymphatic
nodes and
vessels
Esophagus
Bronchi
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Thoracic
Cavity
Vertebral Cavity
Pericardial
Cavity
•
heart
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abdominal
Cavity
Pelvic
Cavity
lungs
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Kidneys
Most of small
& large
intestines
•
•
•
Urinary
bladder
Internal
reproductive
orgnans
Part of large
intestine
o The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera.
o The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Cavities In The Head
Membranes
• Parietal: Outer Layer – around the organ system
• Visceral: Inner Layer - Around the organ.
Body Systems
Integumentary
• Organs: skin, hair, nails,
sweat glands, sebaceous
glands
•Functions: protect
underlying tissue, help
regulate body temperature,
house a variety of sensory
receptors, and synthesize
certain products.
Skeletal
•
Organs: bones, ligaments,
cartilages.
• Functions: provide framework
and protective shields for softer
tissues, are attachments for
muscles, and act with muscles
when body parts move.
Muscular
•Organs: muscles
•Functions: move
body parts, help
maintain posture,
and are the main
source of body heat.
Nervous
• Organs:
brain, spinal
cord, nerves, and
sense organs.
• Functions: receive
and interpret
information outside
the body, and
respond to that
information.
Endocrine
•Organs: glands that
secrete hormones
including the pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
ovaries, testes, pineal
gland, and thymus.
•Functions: regulates
hormones.
Cardiovascular
•Organs: heart,
arteries, veins,
capillaries, and
blood
•Functions:
transports gases,
nutrients,
hormones, and
wastes
Lymphatic
• Organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, thymus, spleen, and
“lymph”
•Functions: transports some of the
tissue fluid back to the
bloodstream and carries certain
fatty substances away from the
digestive organs and into the
bloodstream. They defend the
body against infections by
removing disease-causing
microorganisms and viruses from
tissue fluid.
Digestive
•Organs: mouth, tongue,
teeth, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas,
small intestine, large
intestine.
•Functions: absorb
nutrients and oxygen and
excrete various wastes
Respiratory
• Organs: nasal cavity,
pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Functions: move air
in and out and
exchange gases
between the blood
and the air.
Urinary
•Organs: kidneys,
ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
• Functions: remove
waste, store urine,
maintain water and
electrolyte
concentrations and
acidity.
Reproductive
•Organs: male:
scrotum, testes,
prostrate gland, penis,
urethra, etc.
• Female: ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, clitoris, vulva
• Functions: produces
whole new organisms
Anatomical Terminology
• Standing erect.
• Face forward.
• Upper limbs at side.
• Palms forward.
Anatomical Terminology
• Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of
a part relative to another part
Superior: A body part is above another part.
Inferior: Opposite of superior. A body part is below another part.
Anterior: Means the same as ventral in humans. Towards the
front.
Posterior: Means the same as dorsal in humans. Towards the
back.
Medial: Towards the midline.
Lateral: Towards the side (away from midline).
Proximal: Is in reference to another part. It means closer to the
point of origin.
Distal: Is the opposite of proximal. It means farther from the point
of origin.
Superficial: Situated near to the surface.
Deep: Situated far from the surface.
Body Sections
Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left portions.
Mid sagittal: centrally divides body into equal left and
right portions.
Transverse (horizontal): Divides the body into superior and
inferior portions.
Frontal (coronal): A coronal section divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions.