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Water Resources Challenges in Illinois On Children Your children are not your children. They are the sons and daughters of Life's longing for itself. They come through you but not from you, And though they are with you yet they belong not to you. You may give them your love but not your thoughts, For they have their own thoughts. You may house their bodies but not their souls, For their souls dwell in the house of tomorrow, which you cannot visit, not even in your dreams. You may strive to be like them, but seek not to make them like you. For life goes not backward nor tarries with yesterday. You are the bows from which your children as living arrows are sent forth. Kahlil Gibran The world depends on water . . . If all the earth’s water were fit into a gallon jug, the available fresh water would be equal to just over a tablespoon, less than 0.5% of the total Source: National Geographic Special Edition: Water: The Power, Promise, and Turmoil of North America's Fresh Water (Volume 184, Number Future challenges Goldewijk (2008) (http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/food-crisis/) Jenkins and Ferrier, 2009 (http://images.pennnet.com/articles/wwi/cap/cap_water%20climate %2001.gif) Climate Change Source: http://www.whrc.org/resources/primer_fundamentals.html Climate change Source: IPCC (2007) Source: Davis (2010), Science Potential Impacts of Climate Change Source: Stern Review, 2008 (http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/projected-impacts-of-climate-change) Potential Impacts of Climate Change Sea Level Rise and water resources o o Global average sea level will rise between 0.3 and 2.9 feet (0.09 to 0.88 meters) in the next century. Increasing temperatures are likely to lead to changes in precipitation. (Source: IPCC, 2001) Extreme Storms o Climate change has the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extremes such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts. Potential Impacts of Climate Change Ecosystems and Biodiversity o Climate change has the potential to alter ecosystems and the many resources and services they provide to each other and to society. Health o Extreme temperatures (hot or cold) can directly lead to loss of life, while climate-related disturbances in ecological systems, such as changes in the range of disease-carrying insects, can impact the incidence of infectious diseases. Potential Impacts of Climate Change Agriculture and Food Supply o Agriculture is highly sensitive to climate variability and weather extremes. Global Economic Activity o The economic effects of climate change could be as high as 20% of global GDP each year. (Stern, 2007) Vulnerabilities of water resources Observational records and climate projections provide abundant evidence that freshwater resources are vulnerable and have the potential to be strongly impacted by climate change, with wide-ranging consequences for human societies and ecosystems. (IPCC, 2008) Water Quality HYPOXIA HYPOXIA http://the-mound-ofsound.blogspot.com/2013/08/how-agribusiness-is-poisoning-our.html Extent of Gulf Hypoxia, 2010 AREA, GULF OF MEXICO HYPOXIC ZONE Long term Average Action Plan Goal N. Rabalais, LUMCON Nutrient contributions to the Gulf, by State 1849-1850, 1855 Congress passes Swamp Land Acts Illinois 1,460,164 acres A swamp at the mountain's base, Pollutes all that has yet been gained; To drain this pestiferous place, Is still the goal to be attained. Estimates of prairie acreage, 1820 and 1976, for counties in east-central Illinois Ford McLean Piatt Champaign Vermillion Edgar Douglas 1820 297,100 669,800 254,000 592,300 449,500 257,600 223,100 1976 6.4 5.0 0.0 1.0 4.1 0.0 1.0 Source: Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, 1994. Wetland Values and Functions Flood Flow Storage and Attenuation Fish and Shellfish Habitat Groundwater Recharge/Discharge Production Export (Nutrient) Nutrient Removal/Transformation Recreation Uniqueness/Heritage Wildlife Habitat Visual Quality/Aesthetics Educational/Scientific Value Threatened or Endangered Species Habitat Sediment/Toxicant/Pathogen Retention Sediment/Shoreline Stabilization http://www.utahwatersheds.com/resources/PPT/Wetland_Deliniation.pptx 1985, 1990 Congress Passes Food Security Act and Amendments with “Swampbuster” Provisions Swampbuster Provisions The Wetland Conservation provision (Swampbuster) of the 1985 and 1990 farm bills requires all agricultural producers to protect the wetlands on the farms they own or operate if they want to be eligible for USDA farm program benefits. Producers will not be eligible if they plant an agricultural commodity on a converted wetland that was converted by drainage, leveling, or any other means after December 23, 1985, or convert a wetland for the purpose of or to make agricultural commodity production possible after November 28, 1990. http://www.utahwatersheds.com/resources/PPT/Wetland_Deliniation.pptx Restoration of Flood Plains and Wetlands Wetlands can be used for recreation and wildlife habitat W/W Ratio 0.57 2.16 2.25 (%) Nitrate 28 Removal (%) 68 78 Crumpton, Kovacic, Hey, Kostel Potential of Restored and Constructed Wetlands to Reduce Nutrient Export from Agricultural Watersheds in the Corn Belt Self-sustaining Ditches Compound Channels Natural channels often have a main channel and an overbank section. Overbank Section Main Channel Ward Uniform Open Channel Flow Hansen, Wilson, Magner, Nieber Geomorphic Characteristics of Drainage Ditches in Southern Minnesota, and the concept of a Two-Stage Ditch Design Hansen, Wilson, Magner, Nieber Geomorphic Characteristics of Drainage Ditches in Southern Minnesota, and the concept of a Two-Stage Ditch Design Drainage System Layout System Layout System Layout 9 6 .0ft. 9 4 .5ft 9 3 .0ft 9 1 .5ft 9 0 .0ft O p tim iz e dfo rC o s to fIn s ta lla tio n O p tim iz e dfo rD ra in a g eW a te rM a n a g e m e n t Cost Differential: $50/acre Invasive Species 5 invasive species (3 animals, 2 plants)