Download Anatomy Joke - Mr. Bell`s Anatomy and Physiology

Here we go again…
Mr. Bell: 
Most students: 
Some students:  (my favorites)
Anatomy Joke:
What should you do if you’re attacked
by a pack of clowns?
Go for the juggler!
An Overview
• Anatomy:Structure
• Physiology: Function
• Does one determine the other?
– Absolutely – structure determines function. See
example in textbook on p. 2 (paragraph labeled
“Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology”)
Levels of Structural Organization
• Tissues – groups of similar cells that have
common functions
• Organ Systems – group of organs that cooperate
to accomplish a common purpose
• Cells – the smallest units of all living things
• Organs – composed of two or more tissue types
and performs a specific function for the body
• Atoms – building blocks of all matter (including
cells!)
Levels of Structural Organization
• Atoms
Organs
Cells
Tissues
Organ Systems
Organism
Organ Systems Overview
• Integumentary System: The external covering
of the body
– aka your skin!
• Protection – cushions and protects deep tissues from
injury; integral role in disease prevention
• Excretion – gets rid of wastes such as salts and urea
• Regulation of body temperature
• First point of contact with the environment – contains
receptors for temperature, pressure, and pain that
relay information to the brain
Skeletal System
• Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints
• Functions:
– Support – framework and connection point for
muscles; reason we have the shape we do
– Movement – muscles attach to different parts of the
skeleton to create movement upon muscle
contraction
– Protection – protecting covering around the
heart/lungs and skull
– Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells
– Mineral Storage
Muscular System
• 3 types of muscle
– Skeletal – muscles attached to bones; responsible
for movement
– Smooth – involuntary muscle; make up hollow
organs that move fluids within the body
– Cardiac – specialized muscle of the heart
• Function:
– Movement! (locomotion or movement of fluids)
Nervous System
• Brain, Spinal Cord, nerves, sensory receptors
• Function:
– Respond to stimuli (such as temperature, light,
sound, oxygen levels, stretching of tissue, etc.)
• Internal (Ex. oxygen levels) vs. external (Ex. light/sound)
– Control center of the body – assesses information
from sensory receptors and sends appropriate
response to effectors in the body
Endocrine System
• Glands: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals,
thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes
• Function: regulate body activity using
hormones
– Slower than CNS (messages sent to distant
targets)
– Ex: Growth, Reproduction, Food usage (cellular
level)
Cardiovascular System:
• Heart and Blood Vessels
• Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and other substances to and from
tissue cells (red blood cells)
• Protect the body from invasion (white blood
cells)
Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid
glands (spleen, tonsils)
• Function: cleanse blood and house cells
involved in immunity
Respiratory System
• Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs
• Function: supply oxygen to the rest of the
body
• Remove carbon dioxide from the blood
Digestive System
• Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, rectum
• Function: break down food
– Remove nutrients and deliver to blood
– Remove waste
Urinary System
• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• Function: remove wastes containing nitrogen
from the body (ex: urea)
• Maintenance of water/salt balance
• Maintenance of pH levels within the body
Reproductive System
• Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct
system, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes
• Function: production of offspring
– Female: growth and development of offspring
(pregnancy)
Life Functions
• Maintenance of boundaries (keep the “inside” on the
inside and the “outside” on the outside…also separates
different body systems from others to ensure
continuous functioning)
• Movement
• Responsiveness (irritability)
• Digestion
• Metabolism (simple definition: use of energy)
• Excretion (removal of wastes)
• Reproduction
• Growth
Survival Needs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nutrients…are a pretty big deal
Oxygen…even bigger deal
Water…kind of in the middle…
Body Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
If these things are not maintained within the
normal homeostatic range, death can result
Homeostasis
• The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the outside
world is continuously changing
– Constantly changing (ironic)
• Within a narrow range
• The body is maintaining a dynamic equilibrium
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Carried out by Nervous and Endocrine Systems
• Key Terms:
– Variable: factor or event being regulated
– Receptor: sensor that monitors and responds to changes in
variables
– Stimuli: changes in variables
– Input: information sent from the receptor to the control
center
– Afferent Pathway: information flows from the receptor to
the control center…think Afferent Approaches the control
center
– Control Center: Assesses information and initiates a
response
Cont’d…
• Efferent Pathway: information flows from the
control center to the effector (think Efferent
Exits the control center)
• Effector: provides the means for the control
center’s response
• Variable: see previous slide
Homeostasis
Cont’d
• Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
– The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to
shut off the original stimulus or reduce its
intensity
• Positive Feedback Mechanisms:
– Increase the original disturbance and push the
variable farther from its original value
– Control infrequent events that occur explosively
– Do not require continuous adjustment
Homeostatic Imbalance
• Disturbances in the homeostatic mechanism
• Typically result in Disease because body is
outside of its normal homeostatic ranges
Anatomical Position
• Standard position of the body (assumption)
– Used to accurately describe body parts and
position
– Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging
at the sides with palms forward
Body Planes and Sections
• Internal Structures of the Body
• Types of Plane:
– Sagittal (midsagittal) – divides the body into a left
and right part; a midsagittal plane divides the
body into left and right HALVES
– Frontal – divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts
– Transverse – divides the body into superior and
inferior parts
Body Cavities
• Dorsal
– Cranial, Spinal
• Ventral
– All structures within chest and abdomen
– Much larger
Ventral Body Cavity
• Thoracic Cavity
– Lungs/heart/trachea; rib cage
– Separated from others by diaphragm
– Mediastinum divides R/L halves of the thoracic
cavity
• Abdominopelvic Cavity
– Abdominal – stomach, liver, intestines, etc.
– Pelvic – reproductive organs, bladder and rectum
Subdivisions of the Abdominopelvic
Cavity
•
•
•
•
•
•
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric (pubic)
Inguinal (R/L)
Lumbar (R/L)
Hypochondriac (R/L)