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Chapter 1- An Orientation to the Human Body NOTES Overview of Anatomy and Physiology: ! -Anatomy- _____________________________________________ of body parts and their relationships to one another. ! ! -Gross or Macroscopic= large and easily observable! ! -Microscopic= very small! ! -Derived from the Greek Words= cut (tomy) apart (ana) ! -Physiology- the study of the function of the body and its part. ! ! Levels of Structural Organization: ! - Chemical: _____________ combined to form molecules (simplest level)! - Cellular: Cells are made of _______________ and are the smallest units of all living things. ! - Tissue: Consists of similar types of cells! - Organ: Made up of 2 or more tissue types. ! - Organ System: Consists of different organs that ___________________________________.! - Organismal: Made up of the ____________________________ (highest level). ! ! ! Necessary Life Functions: ! - ____________________- the internal environment remains distinct from the external. ! - Cellular Level- accomplished by plasma membranes! - Organismal Level- accomplished by the skin ! -____________________- locomotion, peristalsis, and contractility ! -_______________- ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them. ! - ___________ Digestion- breakdown of ingested foods. ! - _______________ - all the chemical reactions that occur in the body ! - ______________- removal of wastes from the body ! - ______________- cellular and organismal levels (cell divides, sperm & egg unite) ! - ______________ - increase in size of a body art or of the organism. ! ! Survival Needs: ! - ________________- chemical substances used for energy and cell building ! - _______________- needed for metabolic reactions. ! - _______________- provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions. ! - _____________________________________________- necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates. ! - _________________________- required for proper berating and gas exchange in the lungs. ! ! Homeostasis! - __________________________________________________________________________! - The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium ! - Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis. ! ! Body Systems! For the following 11 body systems, know the main function(s) and structures (parts) that make up each. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Stop Day 1 Notes ! ! ! Anatomical Position- ! -Body is erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing _________________, thumbs point ___________ from the body. ! ! Directional Terms: ! - Superior and Inferior- toward and away from the head. ! - Anterior and Posterior- toward the front and back of the body. ! - Medial, Lateral and Intermediate- toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure. ! ! Directional Terms: ! -Proximal and Distal- closer to and further from the ___________ of the body. ! -Superficial and Deep- Toward and away from the _______________ surface.! ! ! ! ! Body Planes: ! -Sagittal or Medial- Divides the body into __________ and _________ parts. ! -Frontal or Coronal- Divides the body into ___________ and ______________ parts. ! -Transverse or Horizontal (cross section)- Divides the body into _____________ and _____________ parts. ! -Oblique Section- Cuts made ________________. ! ! ! * Label the following Body Planes: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! _________________ _______________ ____________________ ! ! Body Cavities: ! -______________________ cavity: Protects the nervous system, and is divided into 2 subdivisions: ! ! -Cranial Cavity is within the skull and encases the brain. ! ! -Vertebral Cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal ! cord. ! -Ventral Cavity houses the internal organs (viscera) and is divided into 2 subdivisions: ! ! -Thoracic ! ! -Abdominopelvic ! -Thoracic Cavity is subdivide into pleural cavities, mediastinum and the pericardial cavity. ! ! -Pleural cavities: Each house a lung! ! -Mediastinum: Contains the pericardial cavity and surrounds the remaining ! thoracic organs. ! ! -Pericardial: Encloses the heart. ! ! ! ! Label The Following Diagrams: Body Cavities Continued:! -The Abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome shaped ________________. ! -It is composed of two subdivisions: ! ! -Abdominal Cavity- Contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver & other !! ! organs. ! ! -Pelvic Cavity- Lies within the pelvis & contains the bladder, reproductive organs ! ! and rectum ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Label the Following Diagram Ventral Body Cavity Membranes -____________________ serosa covering the body walls. -____________ serosa covering the internal organs. -Serous fluid separates the serosae. ! ! ! Abdominopelvic Regions Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants
