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Anatomy & Physiology I
Directional Terms
Systems of the Body
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie
Definitions
 Anatomy – Deals with the structure of body
parts – their forms and relationships.
 Physiology – Deals with the functions of
body parts – what they do and how they do
it.
 Dissection – The careful cutting apart of
body parts to see their relationships.
Levels of Body Organization
 Chemical level
 Cellular level
 Tissue level
 Organ level
 System level
 Organism
Chemical Level
 Atoms – smallest units of matter that
participate in chemical reactions.
 Molecules – two or more atoms joined
together.
Cellular Level
 Molecules combine to form cells.
 Cells are the basic structural and functional
units of an organism.
 Cells are the smallest living units in the
human body.
 Cells are made up of organelles.
Tissues
 Tissues are groups of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function.
 4 basic types of tissues in the human body:
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Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Organs
 Composed of two or more tissues that work
together to perform specific functions.
 Usually have recognizable shapes.
System Level
 A system consists of related organs that have
a common function.
 Sometimes an organ is part of more than one
system.
 There are eleven systems in the human body.
Organ Systems
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Integumentary System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Lymphatic and
Immune System
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Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive Systems
Integumentary System
 Components – Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands,
oil glands.
 Functions – Protects the body; helps regulate
body temperature; eliminates wastes; makes
vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch,
pain, warmth, and cold.
Muscular System
 Components – Muscles, tendons.
 Functions – Produces body movements, such
as walking; stabilizes body position
(posture); generates heat
Skeletal System
 Components – Bones, joints, associated
cartilages.
 Functions – Supports and protects the body;
aids body movements; houses cells that
produce blood cells; stores minerals and
lipids.
Nervous System
 Components – Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
special sense organs (I.e. eyes and ear).
 Functions – Generates action potentials
(nerve impulses) to regulate body activities;
detects changes in the body’s internal and
external environments, interprets these
changes, and responds causing muscular
contractions or glandular secretions.
Endocrine System
 Components – Hormone producing glands
and hormone producing cells.
 Functions – Regulates body activities by
releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
transported in blood from an endocrine gland
to a target organ.
Lymphatic and Immune System
 Components – Lymphatic fluid and vessels;
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils.
 Functions – Returns proteins and fluids to
blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal
tract to blood; includes structures that
generate lymphocytes (protect against
disease-causing organisms).
Cardiovascular System
 Components – Blood, heart, and blood
vessels.
 Functions – Heart pumps blood through
vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to
cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away
from cells; regulates acid-base balance,
temperature, and water content of body
fluids; components defend against disease.
Respiratory System
 Components – Lungs, air passageways such
as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box),
trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes.
 Functions – Transfers oxygen from inhaled
air to blood and carbon-dioxide from blood
to exhaled air; regulates acid-base balance,
air flowing out through vocal cords produces
sounds.
Digestive System
 Components – Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, and anus (organs
of GI tract); salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas (accessory organs).
 Functions – Physical and chemical
breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients,
eliminates solid wastes.
Urinary System
 Components – Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra.
 Functions – Produces, stores, and eliminates
urine; eliminates wastes; regulates volume
and chemical composition of blood;
maintains acid-base balance; maintains
mineral balance; helps regulate production of
red blood cells.
Reproductive Systems
 Components – Gonads (testes in males,
ovaries in females), associated organs
(uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females
and epididymis, ductus deferens, and penis in
males).
 Functions – Gonads produce gametes (sperm
or oocytes); gonads release hormones.
Non-invasive techniques to assess
body structure and function
 Palpation – the examiner feels the body with
the surface of the hands.
 Auscultation – the examiner listens to the
body sounds to evaluate functioning of
certain organs.
 Percussion – the examiner taps on the body
surface with fingertips and listens to the
resulting echo.
Basic Life Processes
 Metabolism
 Responsiveness
 Movement
 Growth
 Differentiation
 Reproduction
Metabolism
 The sum of all the chemical processes that
occur in the body.
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Catabolism – The breaking down of complex
chemical substances into simpler ones.
Anabolism – The building up of complex
chemical substances from simpler ones.
Responsiveness
 The body’s ability to detect and respond to
changes in its internal and external
environment.
Movement
 Motion of the whole body.
 Motion of individual organs.
 Motion of Single cells.
 Motion of structures inside cells.
Growth
 Growth is an increase in body size that
results from an increase in the size of
existing cells, the number of cells, or both.
 A tissue can increase in size due to an
increase in the amount of material between
cells (I.e. bone tissue).
Differentiation
 Differentiation is a process a cell undergoes
to develop from an unspecialized to a
specialized state.
 Each type of cell has a specialized structure
and function.
 Stem cells can divide and give rise to
progeny that undergo differentiation.
Reproduction
 The formation of new cells for tissue growth,
repair or replacement.
 The formation of new cells for the
production of a new individual organism
(through fertilization of an ovum by a sperm
cell.
Anatomical Terminology
 Body Positions
 Regional Names
 Directional Terms
 Planes and Sections
 Body Cavities
Body Positions
 Anatomical Position
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The subject stands erect facing the observer, with
the head level and the eyes facing forward. The
feet are flat on the floor and directed forward,
and the arms are at the sides with the palms
turned forward.
 Prone – body lying face down.
 Supine – body lying face up.
Supine & Prone
Lateral Recumbent
Fowler’s & Trendelenberg
Abduction & Adduction
Flexion & Extension
Medial & Lateral Rotation
Supination & Pronation
Regional Names
 Regions can be identified externally.
 Principal regions:
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Head (cephalic)
Neck (cervical)
Trunk
Upper limb
Lower limb
Directional Terms
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Superior (cephalic or cranial) and inferior (caudal).
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal).
Medial and lateral.
Intermediate
Ipsilateral and contralateral.
Proximal and distal.
Superficial and deep.
Planes and Sections
 Sagittal Plane – vertical plane – divides body into
right and left.
 Midsaggital or median plane – equal parts
 Parasaggital plane – unequal parts
 Frontal or coronal – divides body into anterior and
posterior parts
 Transverse plane – divides body into superior and
inferior parts
 Oblique plane – angle
 Section – one flat surface of a 3-D structure
Body Cavities
 Spaces within the body that help protect,
separate, and support internal organs.
 Two major cavities are the dorsal and ventral
body cavities.
Dorsal Body Cavity
 Located near the dorsal (posterior) surface of
the body.
 Subdividions
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral (spinal) canal
 Meninges
Ventral Body Cavity
 Located near the ventral (anterior) aspect of
the body.
 Subdivisions
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Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
 Diaphragm
 Viscera
Thoracic Cavity
 Subdivisions
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Pericardial Cavity
Pleural cavities
mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
 Subdivisions
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Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Thoracic and Abdominal
Cavity Membranes
 Serous membrane
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Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
 The nine-region designation is used for
anatomical studies, whereas the quadrant
designation is used to locate the site of pain,
tumor, or some other abnormality.
Abdominopelvic Regions
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Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumbar Region
Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region
Hypogastric (Pubic Region)
Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region
Subcostal line, transtubercular line, midclavicular lines
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
 Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
 Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
 Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
 Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
 Horizontal lines passes through umbilicus