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Transcript
Unit 3 Sustainability and Interdependence Glossary accumulate build up or magnify absorption spectrum graph showing wavelengths of light absorbed by apigment action spectrum graph showing the wavelengths of light involved in photosynthesis agriculture human practice of growing crops and keeping livestock to maintain food security alliance link between individuals in a primate social group which can increase social status Altruistic behaviour behaviour that harms the donor but benefits the recipient annual weed weed plant that completes its life cycle in 1 year ATP synthase membrane-bound enzyme that synthesises ATP back-cross cross between an F hybrid organism with a parental type to maintain characteristics of a new breed biodiversity variety and relative abundance of species biological control method of controlling pests using natural predators, parasites or diseases biological yield total dry mass increase bottleneck effect inability of a species to evolve due to lack of genetic diversity Calvin cycle carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis carotenoids orange and yellow accessory pigments in plants cellulose structural carbohydrate in cell walls derived from photosynthesis chlorophyll green pigment molecule in plants that absorbs red and blue light for photosynthesis climate change changes in climate brought about by changes in the temperature of the Earth coenzyme NADP hydrogen carrier in photosynthesis competition struggle for existence between two organisms cooperative hunting hunting behaviour in which individuals work together to catch prey crop pest organism that reduces the yield of crops cross-breeding breeding organisms of different genotype together cultivar variety of cultivated crop cultural based on human behaviours and activities dominant animal animal ranked at the top of a social hierarchy economic yield dry mass of desired product from a crop ecosystem interaction between communities and their habitats ecosystem diversity variety of different ecosystems in a defined area edge species species adapted to the edges of habitats ethology the observation and study of animal behaviour F1 generation first generation of offspring from a genetic cross F2 generation offspring of an F generation fertiliser chemical addition to soil to increase plant growth field trial non-laboratory test on the performance of a crop in various environmental conditions food chain diagram to show the flow of energy in an ecosystem food security measure of the human ability to produce and use food fungicide chemical substance that kills fungal pest species genetic diversity number and frequency of alleles in a population genetic transformation changes made to the genetic material of a cell by the addition of DNA from another cell genome sequencing procedure to produce the nucleotide sequence of an entire genome glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) compound in the Calvin cycle that can be converted to glucose or used to regenerate RuBP GM crop genetically modified crop that contains a gene from other species habitat corridor Link between pieces of habitat in which species can feed, mate and pass through habitat fragment very small area of isolated habitat habitat island area of habitat isolated from other habitats harvest index value obtained by dividing dry mass of economic yield by dry mass of biological yield heterozygous having two different alleles of the same gene and so not breeding true homozygous having two identical alleles of the same gene and so breeding true host organism on or in which a parasite lives inbreeding crossing organisms of the same or similar genotype Inbreeding depression accumulation of homozygous recessive alleles that lower biological fitness indigenous species native species occurring naturally in its ecosystem, having evolved there integrated pest management IPM; use of chemical, biological and cultural means to control pests introduced species species that has been brought by humans from one geographical location to another invasive species introduced species that has become naturalised in and then harmful to its community isolation situation in which genes are not able to flow keystone species species that has a central and important stabilising role in a community kin selection organism donating resources to those with whom they share genetic material light energy radiant energy used in photosynthesis livestock agricultural animals mass extinction megafauna slowly disappearance of many groups of living organisms at the same point in time large animals, usually bigger than humans, that need extensive habitat and breed misdirected behaviour normal behaviour that has been directed inappropriately, such as overgrooming mutualism symbiosis in which both partners benefit from the arrangement naturalised species introduced species that has taken a place in the wild community net assimilation respiration total dry mass increase through photosynthesis minus the loss from outbreeding breeding of organisms of different genotypes 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) produced when CO2 is fixed to RuBP by RuBisCo parasite symbiotic partner that damages its host but benefits itself parental care activities performed by parents that increase the survival chances of their young perennial weed weed that persists in the community by continuing to grow year after year persistent unable to be broken down by enzymes pest organism that damages agricultural produce and reduces food security pesticide chemical that kills pests photolysis breakdown of water molecules using energy from light photosynthesis production of carbohydrate by a plant using the energy of light pigment coloured substance that absorbs light for photosynthesis plant and animal breeding methods of crossing domestic animals and plants preference test experiment in which animals are given choices to guide the planning of their welfare primates mammalian group that includes monkeys, apes and humans productivity measure of the performance of a plant randomised applies to values that have been arrived at by chance recessive allele that only shows in the phenotype when homozygous reciprocal altruism when an altruistic act is returned by the original recipient to the original donor reflection light that strikes a leaf passes away from its surface back to the atmosphere relative abundance numbers of an organism compared with others in a community replicate repeat experiment in an investigation resistant stage spores or other resting state of an organism that tolerates adverse conditions ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) acceptor of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle RuBisCo ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase; fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle secondary host organism involved in a stage of the life cycle of a parasite separate from the main host selective applies to pesticides whose action is targeted self-pollinating passing pollen within the flowers of a single individual social hierarchy grouping of individuals within a species graded by their social position social insects insects that live in complex social colonies species diversity measure of species richness and relative abundance species richness number of different species in a community starch storage carbohydrate in plants stereotypic behaviour repetitive movements, such as apparently aimless pacing subordinate animal lower in the hierarchy; below the dominant individual symbiosis partnership that has coevolved between two different species systemic affecting all tissues of an organism’s body taxonomic group grouping of organisms used in classification test cross cross between an organism of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive organism transmission physical process of passing light energy through a surface trophic level feeding level in a food chain true breeding Homozygous vector carries stages of a parasite into a host organism welfare of animals their yield relating to activities designed to be humane to livestock while maximising