* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download the COMPLETED version of "Dynamic Earth Guided Notes"
Survey
Document related concepts
Casualties of the 2010 Haiti earthquake wikipedia , lookup
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant wikipedia , lookup
1908 Messina earthquake wikipedia , lookup
2008 Sichuan earthquake wikipedia , lookup
2009–18 Oklahoma earthquake swarms wikipedia , lookup
April 2015 Nepal earthquake wikipedia , lookup
Seismic retrofit wikipedia , lookup
Earthquake engineering wikipedia , lookup
2010 Pichilemu earthquake wikipedia , lookup
1880 Luzon earthquakes wikipedia , lookup
1906 San Francisco earthquake wikipedia , lookup
1570 Ferrara earthquake wikipedia , lookup
1960 Valdivia earthquake wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: _______________________ Period: _______________ Guided Notes – Dynamic Earth Topic(s): Earthquakes Earthquake o Mr. Parr’s Earthquake Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sA6oZ4YgKCA o Earthquake Definition: Vibrations caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a plate boundary or fault in Earth’s crust. Fun Facts o The largest earthquake ever recorded in the world was in Chile in 1960. It measured a 9.6 on the Richter Scale. The largest in the US was a 9.2 magnitude in Alaska in 1964. o They can cause huge waves in the ocean called tsunamis. o Movement of tectonic plates has formed large mountain ranges like the Himalayas and the Andes. o Earthquakes can happen in any kind of weather. o Alaska is the most seismically active state and has more large earthquakes than California. Scientific Model o Scientific Model Definition: A “testable idea” created by the human mind that tells a story about what happens in nature. All models have limitations — no model can possibly explain every detail of a scientific phenomena. Scientific Modeling o Scientific Modeling Definition: Scientific modeling is a scientific activity that aims to make a particular part or feature of the real world easier to understand or simulate. Modeling Particle Motion o Particle Motion Definition: The movements of particles of material as specific types of waves move through a specific material. Refraction o Refraction Definition: The bending of seismic or energy waves when they pass through one medium (substance) to another. o DEMO: Coin Trick Seismic Shock Wave o Seismic Wave Definition: Energy that travels as vibrations on and in Earth. They move quickly at 20 times the speed of sound. o Scientists use seismic waves to measure how big an earthquake is. They use a device called a seismograph to measure the size of the waves. The size of the waves is called the magnitude. Types of Earthquake Waves o Primary Waves (p-waves) o Secondary Waves (s-waves) o Rolling Waves (r-waves) o Lateral Waves (l-waves) How are Earthquakes Recorded? o Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called a seismogram (image below). o Seismograph Definition: An instrument that measures and records ground motion and can be used to determine the distance seismic waves travel. o o The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded. Seismogram Image Primary Waves o Primary Wave Definition: Known as a “p-wave”, is a type of seismic wave that causes particles in the ground to move in a push-pull motion similar to a coiled spring. They travel through any material and are the fastest. o SLINKY DEMO Secondary Waves o Secondary Wave Definition: Known as a “s-wave”, is a type of seismic wave that causes particles to move in an up-down motion. They travel only through solids and are detected second by seismographs. o SLINKY DEMO Surface Waves o Rolling Wave Definition: Known as a “r-wave”, is a type of surface seismic wave that on the surface of the Earth moves in a rolling manner. o Lateral Wave Definition: Known as a “l-wave”, is a type of surface seismic wave that on the surface of the Earth moves in a side-to-side manner. o SLINKY DEMO Where Can Earthquakes Occur? o Earthquakes occur in a variety of locations. Most often, earthquakes originate along plate boundaries but can be felt practically anywhere on Earth’s surface. o Remember trenches? - A deep “ditch” in the ocean floor formed at subduction zones due to a (oceanocean or ocean-continental) convergent plate boundary. 2 - It is here where earthquakes are common due to a slab-pull motion generating a lot of friction between plates. Earthquake iPad Application o “Earthquakes and Map ALERT” iPad or iPhone Application o Google Earthquake Tracker – GOOGLE EARTH - http://earthquaketrack.com/recent Notable Earthquakes o Sumatra, 2004 (9.0-9.3 Richter) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGXx-KPFyGc o Alaska, 1964 (9.2 Richter) o San Francisco, 1989 (6.9 Richter) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpAPILKw3iY&list=PLF6AE2E7782BE0FDD o Virginia, 2011 (5.8 Richter) o Chile, 1960 (9.5 Richter) ***STRONGEST EVER RECORDED!!!! (1960 Valdivia, Chile)*** Focus vs. Epicenter o Epicenter Definition: The location on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus. o Focus Definition: A single location inside the Earth where seismic waves originate and rocks first move along a fault. - (Hint: This is the starting point for an earthquake.) Why do Earthquakes Occur Where They Do? o The Earth’s uppermost layers are much like puzzle pieces. We call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries. o The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. o Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake. o Friction Definition: is the resistance of motion when one object rubs against another. Anytime two objects rub against each other, they cause friction. - DEMO: (RUB HANDS TOGETHER) (MATCH) (FAULT BLOCKS DEMO) Aftershock o Aftershock Definition: A smaller earthquake following the main shock of a large earthquake. Tsunamis o Tsunami Definition: a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance. o DEMO WITH FISHTANK AND RIPPLES 3 o o Tsunami Formation Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xebwzb3dDE Japan Tsunami Aerial View: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3AdFjklR50 Remember the Focus and Epicenter? Let’s Triangulate!!! o Triangulation Definition: A method used to determine exactly where the earthquake’s epicenter is located. It is called triangulation because a triangle has three sides, and it takes three seismographs (devices that detect earthquakes) to locate an earthquake. o Triangulation Animation Web link: http://www.estium-concept.com/en/computer_graphicsgeology_epicenter.htm Triangulation Example o Seismograms (diagrams from seismographs) come in handy for locating earthquakes too, and being able to see the P wave and the S wave is important. o You learned how P & S waves each shake the ground in different ways as they travel through it. P waves are also faster than S waves, and this fact is what allows us to tell where an earthquake was. o THINK ABOUT THIS! - To understand how this works, let’s compare P and S waves to lightning and thunder. Light travels faster than sound, so during a thunderstorm you will first see the lightning and then you will hear the thunder. If you are close to the lightning, the thunder will boom right after the lightning, but if you are far away from the lightning, you can count several seconds before you hear the thunder. The further you are from the storm, the longer it will take between the lightning and the thunder. “ EARTHQUAKE POWER RANKINGS” o There are two types of scales that measure the intensity of earthquakes. 4 1. Richter Scale 2. Modified Mercalli Scale Richter Scale o Richter Scale Definition: A numerical scale for expressing the magnitude (strength) of an earthquake based on seismograph readings. This scale ranges from 0 to 10, where a 10 is the strongest reading. Modified Mercalli Scale o Modified Mercalli Scale Definition: A scale of earthquake intensity based on human observed effects. The scale ranges from I (detectable only with instruments) to XII (causing almost total destruction). Scale is from 1-12. - DEMO ACTIVITY: Arrange 12 different descriptions in order from least severe to most severe using felt uniforms. - http://elearning.niu.edu/simulations/mercalli.html Can Scientists Predict Earthquakes? o No, and it is unlikely they will ever be able to predict them. Scientists have tried many different ways of predicting earthquakes, but none have been successful. On any particular fault, scientists know there will be another earthquake sometime in the future, but they have no way of telling when it will happen. 5 REVIEW PROBLEMS 1. A ________________ is the device that records the strength of an earthquake, whereas a _______________ actual diagram of the recordings. a. Seismogram; Seismograph b. Seismometer; Seismogram c. Seismic Wave; Seismogram d. Seismograph; Seismogram is the 2. _________________ are best described as having a push-pull motion. a. S-waves b. P-waves c. R-waves d. L-waves 3. Which of the follow are examples of surface waves? a. L-waves b. S-waves c. R-waves d. P-waves e. Both L & R waves f. Both S & P waves 4. The location on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s origin is defined as ____________. a. Focus b. Epicenter c. The North Pole d. Triangulation Point 5. Which of the following is the S-wave on the seismogram? ANSWER: B 6. The Richter Scale is measured on a scale ranging from _________ and the Modified Mercalli Scale is measured on a scale ranging from _________. a. 1-10; 1-12 b. 1-10; I-XII c. I-XII; 1-10 d. 1-45000; 1,000,000,000-1,000,000,001 6