Download Biochemistry

Biochemistry
I. Water
1. POLARITY - Uneven
charge on molecule makes
it polar.
2. SOLVENT – water
dissolves other substances
excepts for non-polar
substances like oil.
3. HYDROGEN BONDS forms weak H bonds
causing water to be a
liquid at room temp.
4. COHESION – force that
holds water together.
Creates surface tension
making water stick to
water and forms a skin.
I. Water
\5.ADHESION – the
attachment of water to
another material or surface
that has a charge (eg)
meniscus.
6. CAPILLARY – adhesion
& cohesion cause water to
move up a straw.
7. DENSITY – water has a
density f 1.0g/ml. D=m/v
If a substance has a mass less than
water it will float , if the mass is
greater than water it will sink.
Water
Ice
II. Carbon Compounds
A. Inorganic compounds
contain no carbon
B. Organic compounds
contain carbon bonded to
other elements
C. Carbon is Basis of Life
1. Four electrons in outer
shell.
2. Carbon bonds easily
with carbon.
3. Carbon bonds easily
with hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and functional
groups
III. Polymers
A. Compounds made of repeating
linked units
B. Covalent monomers link
C. Condensation reaction
a. Dehydration reaction
b. Form a water molecule
D. Hydrolysis: bonds between
monomers are broken by
adding water (digestion)
IV. Molecules of Life
A. Four main compounds
essential for life
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
V. Carbohydrates
Monomer : Monosaccharides
Elements: C, H & O - ratio 1:2:1
Functions:
Short term energy
Structure in plants
Support in plants
V. Carbohydrates
4. Monosaccharride Examples:
a) Glucose
1) Made by plants during
photosynthesis
2) Main source of energy
for plants and animals
3) Metabolized during
cellular respiration.
b) Fructose
1) Found in fruit.
2)Sweetest sugar.
c) Galactose- Found in milk.
V. Carbohydrates
B. Disaccharides
1. covalent bond between
2 monosaccharides
2. bond by dehydration
reaction
3. Examples:
a) Sucrose
1) table sugar
2) beets and
cane
b) Lactose- found in
milk
V. Carbohydrates
C. Polysaccharides
1. Three or more monosaccarides
2. Storage:
a) Glycogen- The way
animals store glucose.
b)Starch- The way plants
store glucose.
3. Structural:
a)Cellulose- most abundant
organic compound, cell walls of
plants
b)Chitin- exoskeletons; cell
walls of fungi; surgical thread
VI. Lipids
Elements: C and H, smaller
number of O.
Examples: Fats, oils, waxes,
phospholipids, steroids.
Functions:
Long-term energy
Insulation
Forms cell membranes
VII. Lipids- Fats, Oils, Waxes
Monomer : Fatty Acids &
Glycerol.
VII. Lipids- Fats, Oils, Waxes
Examples of Lipids
1. Saturated - only single bonds
2. Unsaturated - some double
bonds
3. Fats
a) Usually found in animals
b) Usually a solid at room
temperature
4. Oils
a) Usually found in plants
b)Usually liquid at room
temperature.
VII. Lipids- Fats, Oils, Waxes
5. Wax
1. Long fatty acid connected
to long alcohol
2. Long fatty acid =
hydrophobic
3. protective barriers in plants
and animals.
VIII. Lipids- Phospholipids
A. 2 fatty acids and one
phosphate group
B. ‘Tails’ hydrophobic;
‘heads’ hydrophilic
C. Micelle (phospholipid
droplet in water)
D. Bilayer (double layer);
cell membranes
IX. Lipids- Steroids
A. Lipids with 4 fused
carbon rings
B. Not fatty acids.
C. Four carbon ring that does
not dissolve in water.
D. Found in hormones, nerve
tissue, toad venoms,
plant poisons.
E. Cholesterol:
a. cell membranes
b. precursor for other
steroids
X. Proteins
Elements ; C, H, O & N
Monomer: Amino Acids
(20 different kinds)
a. carboxyl (-COOH) group
b. amino group (NH2)
c. H atom
d. variable group (R)….
Long chain of amino acids is a
polypeptide.
Polypeptides: formed by
dehydration reaction
Two or more polypeptides
make a protein
X. Proteins
Functions
Enzymes (speed up chemical
reactions)
Muscle contraction
Transport Oxygen in the
blood
Immunity
XI. Nucleic Acids
Elements: C, H, O, N & P
Functions
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
1. stores genetic info for
almost all cell activities
2. blueprint for all
proteins
Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
stores and transfers info
essential for the
manufacturing of
proteins.
Examples:
DNA & RNA
Monomer - nucleotides
XI. Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of:
1. nitrogenous base
2. pentose sugar
3. phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases:
DNA : A – T
C–G
RNA A – U & C - G