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Transcript
Ecosystems and Sustainability • A community of various organisms interacting with each other within a particular physical environment is known as an ecosystem. An ecosystem is sustainable if it can support its diversity and ecological processes through time. Ecology: the study of organisms and their environment Biotic factors: Living parts of the environment Ex. Plants, animals, predators Abiotic factors: Nonliving parts of the environment Ex. Sunlight, water, temperature, nitrogen Levels of Organization: 1. Population- 2 or more groups of organisms of same species Ex. Beavers at Jordan Lake State Park 2. Community – populations of multiple species living in the same area Ex. Beavers and Deer at Jordan Lake 3. Ecosystem – a community of organisms interacting with each other (biotic factors) within the environment (abiotic factors) Ex. Beavers, deer, fish, water, and sunlight at Jordan Lake 4. Biomes - Group of ecosystems that have the same climate Ex. decidious forest or tundra 5. Biosphere - Can support life (Bio = life Sphere = circle) Ex. The earth HABITATS VS NICHES HABITAT NICHE Where an organism lives • The role an organism plays in its habitat • What it eats; is it predator or prey; how does it find mating partners HABITATS might describe: • The NAME of the place where the creature lives. • Arctic Canada is the habitat of the polar bear Ursa maritima. HABITATS might describe: • The DOMINANT VEGETATION of the place where the creature lives. • eg Heather moorland is the habitat of the grouse. HABITATS might describe: • The TYPE of place where the creature lives. • eg species of fish like Pike (Esox lucius) are found in freshwater lakes and ponds. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF EARTH’S LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM ATMOSPHERE • TROPOSPHERE... – Closest to surface – Air we breath – ~4-11 miles • STRATOSPHERE... – 11-31 miles up – Ozone (O3) Factors that Sustain Life • Solar Energy – Provides energy for photosynthesis; energy flow thru all organisms – Creates Greenhouse Effect • Nutrient Cycling – Continuous supply of the chemicals necessary to sustain life • Gravity – holds our atmosphere – Enables cycling of nutrients Energy in Ecosystems Within ecosystems energy flows from the radiant energy of the sun through organisms as chemical energy this is ultimately transformed into heat energy. What is this diagram called? Components of the ECOSYSTEM TROPHIC LEVELS....feeding levels AUTOTROPHS....”self feeding” Make their own food (photosynthesis) Also called PRODUCERS HETEROTROPHS....”different feeding” Obtain energy from food they eat Get energy from a different source Also called CONSUMERS (Primary, secondary, tertiary) PRODUCERS TYPES OF CONSUMERS TYPES OF CONSUMERS TYPES OF CONSUMERS TYPES OF CONSUMERS TYPES OF CONSUMERS These are DETRITIVORES...they physically reduce dead decaying material...but don’t completely break it down TYPES OF CONSUMERS Bacteria & fungi are DECOMPOSERS How would energy flow through this ecosystem? FLOW OF ENERGY Why are food chains rarely longer than 4-5 links? Energy Flow is NOT efficient • About 10% of energy available to next trophic level... • What happens to the rest? – Some energy was used – Not all food is eaten – Lost as heat PRODUCTIVITY • Rate at which organic matter is made by photosynthesis (g/m2/yr) GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) • Rate at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy in form of biomass found in the tissues • Amount of carbon dioxide fixed by plants during photosynthesis • Energy stored as sugars & starches Remember PHOTOSYNTHESIS?? Chemosynthesis Chemosynthesis: The process by which some organisms, such as bacteria, produce energy through a chemical reaction. Ex. Organisms found near deep sea hydrothermal vents use hydrogen sulfide coming out of seafloor in vent fluids to create energy. Equation: Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis: CO2 + O2 + H2S → CH2O + S + H2O NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) • GPP – R • R= respiration • Energy available to next trophic level BIOMASS • Dry weight of all organic matter in an organism Humans use/waste/destroy 38% Earth’s total potential NPP Humans make up less than 1% total biomass of Earth’s consumers Food Web - Interconnected Food Chains. • The arrow in a food web always points toward the consumer in the direction of the flow of energy. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS... show the decrease of energy...numbers...biomass Only 10 percent of energy goes to the next level. The rest is either used or lost as heat. Producers make up the greatest numbers of organisms...#s of consumers also decrease as you go higher in the food chain There is far greater plant biomass than consumer biomass as well . SUN Top consumers 4th trophic level 3rd heterotroph (tertiary consumer) Carnivore- eats meat 3rd trophic level 2nd heterotroph (secondary consumer) Carnivore- eats herbivore 2nd trophic level 1st heterotroph (primary consumer) Herbivore- eats plants 1st trophic level. Autotroph- plant. Producer. Energy must be replaced by the sun Decomposers feed on everything... they usually are listed outside the pyramid Ecological Pyramid – shows the amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level. Pyramids (Diagrams) that show the transfer of: (pg. 72 and 73 in text) • Energy • Biomass – amount of living matter at each trophic level • Population Size – relative # of organisms at each trophic level What is BIODIVERSITY?? Biodiversity What does “Bio” mean? Bio = Biodiversity What does “Diversity” mean? Diversity = Variety Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things • Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown (www.thecatalogueoflife.org) •The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by complex interactions among all living things including micro-oganisms. There are 4 components of biodiversity 1. GENETIC: variety of genes among species Chihuahuas, beagles, and rotweilers are all the same species —but they're not the same because there is variety in their genes. Chihuahua Beagle Rottweilers 2. Species Diversity: number of species For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. Golden Skimmer Saki Monkey Meadow Beauty 3. Variety of ecosystems 4. Functional diversity • Ecosystem processes that sustain life: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES So what is a SPECIES? • A group of morphologically similar creatures which can Interbreed to produce fertile offspring GENERALIST SPECIES • • • • Broad niches Many habitats Variety of food Wide range of environmental conditions • EX: flies...cockroaches... Rats...deer...humans • Have advantage in changing environmental conditions EDGE EFFECT • Boundary between 2 habitats...as edge effects increase...so does biodiversity SPECIALIST SPECIES • Narrow niches • 1 habitat • Limited food supply • Narrow range of environmental conditions • EX: shorebirds, Panda, • Advantage: reduced competition NATIVE SPECIES • Normally live/thrive In a particular area • EX: (NC)...black bear, beaver, gray squirrel, cottontail rabbit, white tail deer, red fox, black racer (snake), Carolina anole, sweetgum, red maple, dog wood NATIVE SPECIES ENDEMIC • found ONLY in that particular area • EX: the venus flytrap can only be found in a 60 mile radius of Wilmington, NC INDIGENOUS • Found in the area and others NON NATIVE SPECIES • Migrate into an area deliberately or accidentally • Also called “exotic”, “introduced”, “alien” • Some non-native species can cause harm to the ecosystem by outcompeting the native species...invasive species INDICATOR SPECIES • Provide early warnings of damage to community/ecosystem • Read about the decline of the amphibians in your text...p. 78...what does the their decline indicate? • Find 2 other examples of indicator species KEYSTONE SPECIES • Have large effect on types and abundance of other species • Their population is usually limited in size • Their removal can result in population crashes & even extinction of other species • EX: top predators: alligator, wolves, leopard, lions, sharks; pollinators: bees, hummingbirds, bats How do Species Interact? • Competition- fighting over resources (food, water, sunlight) • Predation: Predator/Prey- predator hunts/pursues the prey • Symbiosis close relationship of organisms COMPETITION INTERSPECIFIC • 2 or more species interacting with same limited resources – Fighting – One species usually more efficient – Overlapping niches – Resource partitioning INTRASPECIFIC • Competing with members of same species • As population size increases, competition increases...resource becomes more limited PREDATOR • • • • • • • Pursuit Ambush Speed Keen eyesight Camouflage Chemical warfare Hunt in groups PREDATION PREY • Speed • Keen senses • Protective coverings (bark, spines, shells, thorns) • Camouflage • Mimicry • Chemical warfare (poisons, irritants, ink, foul-tasting/ smelling • Bright colors SYMBIOSIS • “living together”...2 or more organisms...at least one benefits COMMENSALISM MUTUALISM PARASITISM Matter is Recycled Water Cycle B D C A: evaporation B: condensation C: precipitation D: transpiration A C Y C L E S OF M A T T E R Carbon Cycle A CO2 D O2 B Food C a. Plants take in CO2 “photosynthesis” b. We breathe in O2 from plant c. We eat plants d. We breathe out CO2 “cellular respiration” Pollution bad CO2 into air Other sources of carbon: •Decomposition of dead organisms •Erosion and volcanic activity •Burning fossil fuels •Cutting and burning trees Carbon Cycle Organisms/Input Effects Plants (autotrophs) Photosynthesis: (uses carbon) CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Decomposers Fungi/Bacteria Carbon Released when things die Animals Cellular Respiration: (release carbon) C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O Burning of Fossil Fuels (Dead organisms become coal, Carbon Released gas, oil) Photosynthesis Plants eating CO2 in air Respiration and Decay Heterotrophs What would happen if decomposers were removed from the carbon cycle? The amount of carbon in the atmosphere would decrease Carbon Cycle Video: make me genius: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFE9o-c_pKg NITROGEN CYCLE •Nitrogen gas in soil •Enters in root nodules of plant like legumes •Converted to ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria •Plant uses ammonia to build protein •An animal converts plant protein to animal protein •Animal carcass decomposed into nitrates (nitrification) •Some nitrates broken down by soil bacteria (denitrification) Nitrogen Cycle Video: make me genius:https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=ZaFVfHftzpI