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Unit 6 (Mod 26): Classical Conditioning A.P. Psychology Learning Learning: A relatively permanent change in an organism’s thought and behavior due to experience Associative Learning Associative Learning: Learning that certain events occur together Can be seen in classical conditioning AND operant conditioning Classical Conditioning: Association of two separate stimuli Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, John Garcia Operant Conditioning: **We will discuss later** Association of a response and its consequences B.F. Skinner Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov (Behavioral Psychologist) Example of associative learning A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus Helps organisms anticipate events E.g. Dark clouds (natural stimulus) elicit “rain” E.g. Umbrellas (neutral stimulus), when paired with dark clouds (natural stimulus) elicit “rain” Classical Conditioning Learning to associate one stimulus with another Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM Classical Conditioning: Stimuli & Responses Stimuli and Responses in Classical Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus Stimulus that, before conditioning, elicits no response E.g. Bell before conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – elicits a response E.g. Food Unconditioned Response (UR): The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) E.g. Salivating to the food Classical Conditioning: Stimuli & Responses Stimuli and Responses in Classical Conditioning (cont) Conditioned Stimulus (CS): The originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), elicits a learned response E.g. Bell after conditioning Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) E.g. Salivating to the bell Review Explain (in your own words) Classical Conditioning. Differentiate between the following: Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) Acquisition Acquisition: occurs in both classical & operant conditioning Classical Conditioning: Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus begins triggering conditioned response Operant Conditioning: The **We will discuss later** strengthening of a reinforced response Acquisition Timing Timing is very important in classical conditioning Studies have shown that the CS must precede the US by (at most) ½ - 1 seconds in order to successfully bring about a CR. Other types of timing have been studied with classical conditioning: Delayed conditioning: CS precedes the US, but the two stimuli overlap a bit-best timing for conditioning Trace conditioning: CS precedes the US, but they do not overlap-the longer the delay, the more difficult conditioning is Simultaneous conditioning: CS occurs at the same time as the US-results in poor conditioning. CS doesn’t predict the US at all Backward conditioning: CS occurs AFTER the US-little or no conditioning takes place, unless the response is biologically predisposed Higher-Order Conditioning Procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus E.g. an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone & begin responding to the light alone Also referred to as “second-order conditioning” Extinction & Spontaneous recovery Extinction The diminishing of a conditioned response Occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) Also occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. **We will discuss later** Spontaneous recovery Reappearance, after a break, of an extinguished conditioned response. Based on this, Pavlov speculated that extinction was suppressing a CR, not eliminating it Generalization The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner: “Little Albert” Original CR was fear of white rat; would generalize to rabbits, dogs, etc (but not dissimilar objects like toys) Discrimination The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus Little Albert was able to discriminate between white, fuzzy objects (rats, rabbits, dogs, etc) and dissimilar objects like toys, books, etc Pavlov discovered that his conditioned dogs did not respond to other tones. Applications of Classical Conditioning John Garcia showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning but other stimuli (sight or sound) did not. Applications of Classical Conditioning Even humans can develop classically to conditioned nausea. Applications of Classical Conditioning Psychologists may suggest that alcoholics use “Antabuse,” a pill that causes nausea when combined with alcohol The use of this drug may serve to condition the alcoholic to become nauseous when drinking alcohol aversive conditioning Applications of Classical Conditioning Former crack cocaine users should avoid cues (people, places) associated with previous drug use. Through classical conditioning, a drug (that has a particular taste) that affects the immune response may cause the taste of the drug (but not the drug itself) to invoke the immune response. Applications of Classical Conditioning John B. Watson used classical conditioning procedures to develop advertising campaigns for a number of organizations, including Maxwell House, making the “coffee break” an American custom. Review Provide an example of each of the following elements of Classical Conditioning: Generalization Discrimination Extinction Spontaneous Recovery