Download Q1. (a) (i) Some diseases can be tackled by using antibiotics and

Q1.
(a)
(i)
Some diseases can be tackled by using antibiotics and vaccination.
Explain fully why antibiotics cannot be used to cure viral diseases.
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(2)
(ii)
A recent study found that babies in 90 % of hospitals are infected with the MRSA
bacterium.
Explain how the MRSA bacterium has developed resistance to antibiotics.
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(2)
(b)
A person can be immunised against a disease by injecting them with an inactive form of a
pathogen.
Explain how this makes the person immune to the disease.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q2.
(a)
Explain how diseases caused by bacteria are usually treated by doctors.
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(2)
Page 1 of 28
(b)
Explain, as fully as you can, how white blood cells protect us from disease.
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(5)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 2 of 28
Q3.
Read the passage about antibiotics.
People do not always agree about the use of antibiotics in food production.
If we put low doses of antibiotics in feed for animals such as cattle and sheep,
it helps to produce high-quality, low-cost food. Antibiotics help to keep animals
disease-free. They also help animals to grow. Animals get fatter quicker
because they do not waste energy trying to overcome illness.
The use of antibiotics in livestock feed means that there is a higher risk of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria developing. The rapid reproduction of bacteria
means there is always a chance that a population of bacteria will develop which
is antibiotic-resistant. These could be dangerous to human health.
(a)
To gain full marks for this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them
into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.
Explain how a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria might develop from non-resistant
bacteria.
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(3)
(b)
Do you think that farmers should be allowed to put low doses of antibiotics in animal feed?
Explain the reasons for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.
Many diseases are caused by viruses. Children are given vaccines to protect them against
viral disease.
(a)
Complete the following sentences.
It is difficult to kill viruses inside the body because
viruses ......................................................................................................... .
A vaccine contains an ............................................... form of the virus.
The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to produce ............................. .
(3)
Page 3 of 28
(b)
In the 1990s many people thought that the MMR vaccine caused autism in some children.
This is why the Japanese government stopped using the MMR vaccine.
The graph gives information about the percentage of Japanese children who developed
autism during the 1990s.
Page 4 of 28
The data in the graph support the view that there is no link between MMR vaccination and
autism.
Explain why.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Q5.
Influenza is a disease caused by a virus.
(a)
Explain why it is difficult to treat diseases caused by viruses.
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(2)
Page 5 of 28
(b)
In some years there are influenza epidemics.
The graph shows the death rate in Liverpool during three influenza epidemics.
(i)
The population of Liverpool in 1951 was approximately 700 000.
Calculate the approximate number of deaths from influenza in week 4 of the 1951
epidemic.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Number of deaths ..............................
(2)
(ii)
In most years, the number of deaths from influenza in Liverpool is very low.
Explain, in terms of the influenza virus and the body’s immune system, why there
were large numbers of deaths in years such as 1918 and 1951.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 6 of 28
Q6.
The influenza virus damages the cells lining the respiratory tract causing sore throats.
Coughing and sneezing spread the virus.
(a)
Give the correct term for this method of spreading an infection.
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(1)
(b)
In an immunisation programme such as that for MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella),
suggest why it is essential for a large proportion of the child population to be vaccinated in
order to protect the few individuals who are unable to be vaccinated.
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(1)
(c)
In some modern influenza vaccines the protein surface sub-units are separated from the
virus coat and used for the vaccine. This stimulates an effective immune response in the
same way as inactive pathogens.
(i)
Explain how this immunity is produced in the body following vaccination, and how
further illness from the same virus is prevented.
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(4)
(ii)
This type of immunity resulting from an influenza injection is described
as ..................................................... immunity.
(1)
Page 7 of 28
(d)
The diagram shows the structure of an influenza virus.
Influenza epidemics can arise because the nucleic acid of the virus frequently changes.
This results in changes in the virus structure and so a new strain of the virus is formed. A
person who has had influenza or who has been vaccinated may not be immune to the new
strain.
Explain why this is so, using the diagram of the influenza virus structure and your
knowledge of immunity.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 8 of 28
Q7.
Read the following passage.
‘The immune system is the body’s defence force. It protects against infections which
might enter the body. The potential invaders include bacteria and viruses. The two basic
defences are cells and chemicals. The best known action of defence cells is the ingesting
and killing of microbes. The best known chemical defence is the antibody - a protein
5
specially made to match with the surface of an invading microbe. Once covered with
antibody, the microbe becomes easier to destroy.
So how do the invaders ever win? Part of the answer is that the chemical defenders take
some time to become effective. When the body is infected for the first time by a
particular microbe, there is a race between the multiplying microbes and the multiplying
10 cells producing the antibody. Given time, the body usually wins; eventually enough
antibodies are formed to overcome the invaders. But if the initial invasion force is large,
or the immune system is weak, the battle may be lost.’
(a)
(i)
Which type of cells ingest and kill invading microbes? (lines 3 - 4)
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(1)
(ii)
Give two circumstances in which the initial invasion force might be very large
(lines 11 - 12).
1 ........................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................
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(2)
(iii)
After being ingested, the microbes are digested in the cells. Briefly explain what
happens to the proteins that the microbes contain.
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(2)
(b)
Explain how bacteria cause disease once they get into the body.
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(2)
(c)
Name a type of medicine that kills bacteria inside the body.
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(1)
Page 9 of 28
(d)
People often risk first-time infection by a particular microbe while visiting other countries.
People can be immunised against the disease that the microbe causes.
Explain, as fully as you can, how immunisation works.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q8.
Reflex actions are rapid and automatic.
(a)
Name the following structures in a reflex action.
(i)
The structure that detects the stimulus.
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(1)
(ii)
The neurone that carries impulses to the central nervous system.
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(1)
(iii)
The neurone that carries impulses away from the central nervous system.
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(1)
(iv)
The structure that brings about the response.
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(1)
(b)
Describe what happens at a synapse when an impulse arrives.
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(2)
Page 10 of 28
(c)
Some people have a condition in which information from the skin does not reach the brain.
Explain why this is dangerous for the person.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q9.
Hormones are sometimes used to regulate human reproduction.
(a)
(i)
What is a hormone?
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(1)
(ii)
How are hormones transported around the body?
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(1)
Page 11 of 28
(b)
Describe the benefits and possible problems that may result from the use of hormones to
regulate human reproduction. You should refer to fertility drugs and contraceptives in your
answer.
To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them
into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
This question is about the hormones that control the monthly cycle in women.
Complete the sentences.
Hormones control the monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ................................ .
They also control the thickness of the lining of her .................................................... .
Hormones that are given to women to stimulate the release of eggs are called
.................................................... drugs.
Hormones that are given to women to prevent the release of eggs are called
oral .................................................... .
(Total 4 marks)
Page 12 of 28
Q11.
A person accidentally touches a hot pan.
Her hand automatically moves away from the pan.
The diagram shows the structures involved in this action.
(a)
Describe fully how the structures shown in the diagram bring about this reflex action.
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(6)
(b)
(i)
The nerve pathway in this reflex action is about 1.5 metres in length. A nerve impulse
travels at 75 m s–1.
Use this information to calculate the time taken for this reflex action to occur.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Time intervals ....................................... s
(2)
Page 13 of 28
(ii)
The actual time interval is longer than the interval you have calculated in part (i).
Suggest an explanation for the difference.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q12.
A woman’s fertility can be controlled by using hormones.
(a)
Some contraceptive pills contain oestrogen.
Name the gland which produces oestrogen.
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(1)
Women are being encouraged to use longer-term methods of contraception to reduce
their chances of having an unwanted pregnancy.
The table summarises four long-term methods of contraception.
Method
What it is
How it
works
How long
does it
last?
Chances of
getting
pregnant
Side
effects
Hormone
implant
Rod
containing
slow-release
hormone
inserted under
the skin
Stops
ovaries
releasing
eggs
3 years
Less than 1
in 1000
Acne in
some
women
Hormone
injection
Injection that
slowly
releases
hormone
Stops
ovaries
releasing
eggs
12 weeks
Less than 4
in 1000
Weight
gain in
some
women
IUD
Small plastic
and copper
coil placed in
womb
Stops
fertilized
eggs
developing in
womb
5–10 years
Less than
20 in 1000
Heavier or
more
painful
periods in
some
women
IUS
Plastic device
containing
slow-release
hormone
placed in
womb
Stops
fertilized
eggs
developing in
womb
5 years
Less than
10 in 1000
Irregular
periods in
some
women
Page 14 of 28
(b)
Which of the methods in the table is the most reliable?
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(1)
(c)
What is the advantage of using long-term contraception methods instead of taking a
contraceptive pill every day?
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(1)
(d)
The IUD is the least reliable of the contraceptive methods shown in the table. Use
information from the table to suggest a reason for this.
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(1)
(e)
Some people have ethical objections to the use of an IUD or an IUS.
Suggest one reason why people might object to their use.
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(1)
(f)
(i)
Explain how the hormone in the implants prevents the ovary releasing eggs.
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(2)
(ii)
Hormones can also be used as ‘fertility drugs’.
Explain how a fertility drug helps a woman to become pregnant.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 15 of 28
Q13.
The diagram shows how Dolly the sheep was cloned.
(a)
Name the type of cell division that occurs:
(i)
as the egg cell is produced; ...............................................
(ii)
as the fused cell begins to divide normally. ...............................................
(2)
(c)
The diagram below shows the relationships between the glands and hormones that control
the menstrual cycle of a woman.
(i)
Name:
gland X; ...............................................
hormone Y. ...............................................
(2)
Page 16 of 28
(ii)
Give two effects of the hormone oestrogen on gland X.
1 ........................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q14.
A woman wants to have a baby. She has been told that her body is not making and
releasing eggs. However she has thousands of cells which could develop into them. A possible
treatment is to give her a hormone called FSH. This hormone will start the development of these
cells.
Once the eggs have developed, explain what causes their release.
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(Total 4 marks)
Page 17 of 28
M1.
(a)
(i)
viruses live inside cells
1
viruses inaccessible to antibiotic
allow drug / antibiotic (if used) would (have to) kill cell
1
(ii)
mutation
ignore mutation caused by antibiotic
1
natural selection or no longer recognised by antibiotics
accept description of natural selection
1
(b)
(stimulate) antibody production
ignore antitoxin
1
(by) white cells
1
rapidly produce antibody on re-infection
ignore antibodies remain in blood
1
[7]
M2.
(a)
use antibiotics; or named one to kill bacteria; (not microbes)
each for 1 mark
2
(b)
some ingest/digest bacteria (not microbes) OWTTE
some produce antibodies;
which destroy bacteria/viruses;
some produce antitoxins;
which counteract poisons released by bacteria
each for 1 mark
5
[7]
Page 18 of 28
M3.
(a) Quality of written communication
The answer to this question requires ideas in good English in a sensible order
with correct use of scientific terms. Quality of written communication should
be considered in crediting points in the mark scheme
idea of mutation or variation
do not allow ‘bacteria get used to antibiotics’ or idea that antibiotics
change the bacteria or ‘bacteria become immune’ or references to
adaptation or evolution
1
(resistant cells) survive antibiotic
1
(resistant cells) breed
1
(b)
EITHER (yes)
keep animals disease free (1) so grow faster (1 mark) or live longer
OR (no)
resistant bacteria may develop (1)
risk to human or animal health (1)
allow bacteria become resistant / immune
2
[5]
M4.
(a)
live inside cells
1
inactive
1
antibodies
1
(b)
the percentage of children vaccinated fell to zero in 1995
1
but the number of children developing autism rose and fell
during the period when % vaccinations was falling
1
number of children developing autism peaked after MMR
vaccination had ceased
1
which suggests that something other than MMR vaccination
was causing autism
1
[7]
Page 19 of 28
M5.
(a)
any two from
•
live inside / infect body cells
•
difficult for drugs to enter (body) cells / drug would kill (body) cell
•
antibiotics ineffective against viruses
•
viruses mutate frequently
2
(b)
(i)
420
correct answer with or without working
if answer incorrect evidence of ‘number of deaths’ × 7 or 60 seen
gains 1 mark
ignore 6 000 000
2
(ii)
any three from:
•
virus / flu mutates
•
people no longer / not immune
ignore resistance
•
white blood cells / memory cells / immune system do not
recognise virus
•
relevant reference to antibodies / antigens
•
current vaccine ineffective or no vaccine available then
or takes time to develop new vaccine
allow no tamiflu / anti-viral drugs
•
conditions less hygienic / lack of hygiene
•
people in poor health (following world wars)
allow people had ‘weak’ immune system
3
[7]
M6.
(a)
droplet infection or aerosol infection
do not accept airborne
accept airborne droplets
1
(b)
so there is no large group which could catch the infection/pass on the infection
converse – if large numbers can’t pass it on the virus is less likely
to reach those few who are susceptible
1
Page 20 of 28
(c)
(i)
any four of the following points:example of a 3 mark answer: Lymphocytes produce specific
antibodies…...
comment on specificity applied to antibodies or lymphocytes
(recognition by) lymphocytes;
(white cells) make antibodies;
antibodies destroy/neutralise the virus/antigen/protein subunit;
do not accept antibodies KILL viruses
accept white blood cells replicate
accept some white cells form memory cells/live a long time;
accept subsequent infection results in very rapid antibody
production;
max 4
(ii)
active;
1
(d)
any three of the following points
Structure change in:
protein for binding to host cell;
accept changes in surface proteins (of protein coat)
spike containing enzyme;
changes in antigen
Fit: existing/circulating/old antibodies don’t match new virus strain shape/new antigen/new
binding protein;
Wrong antibodies: injection does not stimulate antibodies against all strains/different
antigens;
accept wrong antibodies for 1 mark
max 3
[10]
##
(a)
(i)
white blood cells
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
e.g. contact with infected person unhygienic conditions
for 1 mark each
2
(iii)
broken down, by enzymes into amino acids
any 2 for 1 mark each
2
Page 21 of 28
(b)
reproduce rapidly produce toxins
for 1 mark each
2
(c)
antibiotic or named
for 1 mark
1
(d)
mild or deal microbes introduced white cells produce antibodies
which can destroy disease microbes
idea of memory cells
idea that injecting antibodies give immediate production
any 3 for 1 mark each
3
[11]
M8.
(a)
(i)
receptor
allow named receptor eg light receptor
ignore sensory neurone
allow sense organ / named sensory organ eg skin / eye
1
(ii)
sensory (neurone)
allow afferent
1
(iii)
motor (neurone)
allow efferent
1
(iv)
effector / muscle / gland / named
1
(b)
any two from:
•
impulse / information passes from one neurone to another
or impulse / information passes across gap
•
chemical / transmitter involved
•
diffusion (across gap)
2
Page 22 of 28
(c)
brain / person not aware of pain / stimulus / can’t feel
allow brain/ person doesn’t know / realise / unable to coordinate
ignore reflex
ignore information
1
possibility of (permanent / serious) damage / eg burning
ignore danger
1
[8]
M9.
(a)
(i)
any one from:
•
chemical messenger
•
chemical / substance released in one part
to have effect elsewhere in body
•
chemical / substance which affects
another / target organ / tissues / cells
allow chemical from endocrine gland
1
(ii)
in blood / circulatory system / any named part including plasma
extra wrong answer would cancel example
not red blood cells
1
(b)
Quality of written communication:
correct use of at least two relevant scientific terms spelt phonetically
e.g. pregnancy, ovulation, FSH, oestrogen, progesterone, ovary,
follicle, circulation, thrombosis, feminisation, sperm count, STD
Q or Q
1
Page 23 of 28
any three from:
Oral contraceptives:
(benefit)
•
prevent (unwanted) pregnancy or prevent egg release
•
regulate menstrual cycle / periods
(problems)
•
prolonged use may prevent later ovulation / cause infertility
•
named side-effect on female body
e.g. circulatory problems / weight gain / nausea / headache /
breast cancer / mood swings
•
increased promiscuity / increase in STD’s / STI’s
•
named side-effect on environment
e.g. feminisation of fish or lowered sperm count in human males
Fertility drugs:
(benefit)
•
can enable woman to have children or to become pregnant
or stimulates egg release
(problem)
•
multiple births
for full marks must score at least one re contraceptives and at
least one re fertility drugs
if unclear which type of hormone maximum 2 marks from 3
3
[6]
Page 24 of 28
M10.
ovaries
accept ovary
1
womb
accept uterus
1
fertility
accept FSH
do not accept fertilisation
1
contraceptive(s)
allow birth control
accept oestrogen or progesterone
do not accept pill alone
1
[4]
M11.
(a)
stimulus / heat detected by temperature receptors in skin
1
impulses travel along sensory neurone to spinal cord / CNS
1
chemical transmission across synapse
1
via relay neurone
1
impulses to muscle / effector via motor neurone
1
muscle / effector contracts, moving the hand away
1
(b)
(i)
0.02 s
correct answer gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, evidence of 1.5 / 75 gains 1 mark
2
(ii)
impulse slowed down because of time taken for
diffusion of the chemical across the synapse
1
[9]
Page 25 of 28
M12.
(a)
ovary or ovaries
1
(b)
(hormone) implant
1
(c)
do not have to remember to take
1
(d)
does not involve hormone
allow coil may be dislodged
or
it is a mechanical method
allow egg is fertilised / released
allow not preventing egg fertilisation / release
1
(e)
involves death of fertilised egg
allow embryo / baby for fertilised egg
or
(regard) fertilised egg as human
ignore against religion only
allow fertilised egg is alive
or
stops fertilised egg developing
ignore side effects
1
(f)
(i)
inhibit FSH (production)
allow inhibits LH
1
so no eggs mature / develop / are produced
allow (LH) stimulates egg release
ignore progesterone
1
(ii)
contains FSH
allow contain LH
1
which causes egg to mature / develop / be produced
allow (LH) stimulates egg release
or
in women whose FSH is low
1
[9]
Page 26 of 28
M13.
(a)
(i)
meiosis
1
(ii)
mitosis
1
(c)
(i)
X pituitary
1
Y FSH
1
(ii)
stimulates LH production
1
inhibits FSH production / production of Y
1
[6]
M14.
oestrogen produced
gains 1 mark
but
N.B. sequence important here
oestrogen produced by ovary
gains 2 marks
LH produced
gains 1 mark
but
LH produced by pituitary
gains 2 marks
LH causes egg release
for1 mark
[4]
Page 27 of 28
Page 28 of 28