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SCOP Subatomic Particles Cheat Sheet Version 3.0 Created with the help of the 201617 Winnebago High School scholastic bowl team. Pay special attention to bolded t erms , which appear frequently in tossups. Terms Elementary particles are particles that are, as far as we know, indivisible. Fermions are particles that obey FermiDirac statistics. They have a halfinteger spin and obey the Pauli exclusion principle , which means that only one fermion can occupy a quantum state at a time. The fermions on this sheet are electrons, neutrons, protons, quarks, and leptons. Bosons are particles that obey BoseEinstein statistics. They have integer spin and do not obey Pauli exclusion, which means that multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state at a time. The bosons on this sheet are photons and the Higgs boson. Particle Details electron Elementary particles with negative charge; surround the nucleus of an atom in v alence shells; described by four quantum numbers (principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin ); the subject of Robert M illikan's oil drop experiment and Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment; subject of JJ Thomson's cathode ray experiment and plum pudding model; a type of lepton neutron Neutral charge; found in the nucleus of atoms; two atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are i sotopes ; in nuclear fission , neutrons are used to bombard atomic nuclei; a type of baryon made of three quarks* (two down and one up) proton Positive charge; found in the nucleus of atoms; the number of protons in an atom is the same as the atom's element's atomic number (symbolized Z); discovered by Ernest Rutherford as part of alpha particles (particles made of two protons and two neutrons, emitted in alpha radiation); a type of baryon made of three quarks* (one down and two up) quark Elementary particles that make up hadrons; the six varieties are called flavors and are charm, strange, top, bottom, up, and down; baryons (like neutrons and protons) are particles made up of three quarks and bound by the strong force leptons Elementary particles that can only undergo weak interactions; includes six flavors divided into charged leptons (e lectrons , muons, and taus) and neutral leptons ( neutrinos , muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos) photon Units of light that carry electromagnetic energy; have w aveparticle duality , meaning that they can act like both a wave and a particle; have no mass ; a photon's energy equals P lanck's constant times frequency ; a type of boson Higgs boson Elementary particle nicknamed the " God particle ;" the last particle of the Standard M odel to be discovered; existence tentatively confirmed in 2013 at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider Scholastic C ommunity Outreach Program 2016