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What’s common these things?
Watching deep inside any kind of matter we observe that it is made of the same
elementary particles, the fundamental building blocks of the universe
there are different molecules
there are different atoms ...but the electrons are the same
there are different nuclei
The same protons and neutrons made of Quarks
Then we bring something of a star or a flower inside us!
The Standard Model
Matter is formed by two types of fundamental particles: Leptons and Quarks.
Four kind of interactions determine, via the exchange of specific “messengers”,
the dynamics of these fundamental particles
All ordinary matter belongs to this group 1st family
These particles existed right after the Big Bang. Nowadays they are found
in cosmic rays and they are produced at the accelerator experiments 2nd family 3rd
family
Strong interaction
It has the fastest messengers on the short distance, the gluons (the “sticky” ones).
They bind together quarks to form particles called “hadrons” like, for instance,
protons and neutrons and indirectly nuclei. Exchanging gluons, quarks exchange their
intrinsic color
Electromagnetic interaction
It affects all particles with electric charge. It binds together electrons and nuclei to
form the atoms. Its messenger is the photon, the quantum of light
Weak interaction
It affects both quarks and leptons and it is the only kind of interaction neutrinos can
have. It is responsible of weird processes as, for instance, to transform a neutron in a
proton (by transforming a down-quark in a up-quark!) with the simultaneous emission
of an electron and an antineutrino. Its messengers are called W and Z
Gravitational interaction
It is related with the mass of the objects in the game. At the scale of elementary
particles its strength is overhung by the other forces, but it determines the cosmic
dynamics where large masses are involved. Its messenger is called the graviton but it
has not been discovered yet