Download Ch 11 Civil War Powerpoint

The Civil War
Ch 11 Notes
Remember…
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Confederate capital: Richmond, VA
Border States: MD, MO, KY, DE
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All slave states
DE had the fewest, stayed with the Union
MD had more but stayed with Union even with much
pro-Confederate support
KY divided in opinion, people fought on both sides but
the state gov remained under Union control
MO had fighting about which side to take for 2 years but
remained with the Union
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
1st Battle of Bull Run/1st Manassas
North: named battles after rivers,
mountains, etc…
 South: named battles after nearby towns
 McDowell in charge of Union army
 7/16/1861: McDowell took troops into
southern territory
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Up against Beauregard
Many spectators followed the troops to watch
7/21/61: McDowell attacked
Battle Begins

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1st the Union was winning
Then Gen. Thomas Jackson got there with his
troops to reinforce the Conf troops
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“Stonewall Jackson” nicknamed that because he never
gave up during battle
Union advance stopped and eventually retreated
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Retreated all the way the to Washington, DC
Conf could have attacked DC but they were also
inexperienced and exhausted so they did not
Lessons Learned
Both sides need more training
 Battles are worse than expected and
civilians do not belong there
 This will not be a “quick” war (originally
thought it would be over by Christmas)
 Both sides need more preparations
 McDowell was replaced by George
McClellan

Strengths of Both Sides

North
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More railroad mileage
More people to serve in
the military and work in
the factories
Established government
with a strong federal
gov
More industrial
Balanced economy

South

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Better military
leadership
Better military training
Home-field advantage
Strategies

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North
“Anaconda Plan”:
surround enemy and
squeeze it to death
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Naval blockade of the
southern coastline
Take control of the
Mississippi River and
cut the Confederacy in
2
Capture Richmond, the
Confederate capital

South

War of attrition

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Battle to wear down
the enemy
Gain a foreign ally
(especially hoped for
Britain)
Wait and defend their
territory
Tactics and Technology

Old
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All lined up to march
into battle
Concentrate forces,
assault a position and
drive enemy away
Cannons and muskets
(not very accurate)
Long time to re-load
weapons

New
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Guerilla warfare
(surprise attacks)
Bullet shaped ammo
not musket balls
Fighting from further
away from enemy
Rifling used on inside of
gun barrels
Heavy artillery with
rifled barrels, shells,
and canister
War in the West

Goal: control the Mississippi River
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Targets: AK, LA, MS, and TN
Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
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Map p. 385
Feb. 1862 Grant began to move south down
the TN River
Objective: take Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
Union Victories in the West
2/6/1862: Grant attacked Fort Henry and
forced it’s surrender
 Then marched troops to Fort Donelson
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3 days of fighting until the fort surrendered
Grant’s nickname: “Unconditional Surrender
Grant”
Grant continued south along the TN River
to threaten AL and MS
March 1862

Conf Gen Johnston had his troops getting
ready to fight Grant in MS
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Grant stopped in TN to wait for Gen. Buell and
more troops before moving into MS
Johnston was aware of these happenings
April 6, 1862
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Gen Johnston attacks Grant by surprise
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At the end of the first day it looked like a Confederate
victory
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Called the Battle of Shiloh
Johnston even sent a letter to Davis saying so
Buell got there with reinforcements for Grant and the next
day the Union troops attacked Johnston’s by surprise
Battled ended up a Union victory
Very high casualties (some called Grant “the Butcher”)
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Union: 13,000
Confederate: 11, 000
Also in the West
Admiral David Farragut was moving north
on the Mississippi River
 Late April 1862: captured New Orleans
 Continued north to Baton Rouge, LA and
Natchez, MS
 June 6, 1862 seized Memphis, TN
 There were only 2 more main ports to
capture before the Union held the MS
River (took about a year)

Meanwhile in the East
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Confederates created an ironclad ship
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Union built the “Monitor” an iron ship
March 9, 1862: Merrimack and Monitor faced off
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Under Union control it was the “Merrimack” but the Conf
renamed it the “Virginia”
Neither was able to do much damage but the Merrimack
withdrew for repairs
Union called this a victory
Merrimack was sunk on purpose by the South
later
Monitor sunk in a storm
Peninsular Campaign
2nd attempt to capture Richmond (map p
386)
 May 1862: McClellan was in charge of
Union troops
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Peninsula SE of Richmond
Plan was to move up the peninsula and take
Richmond
At Yorktown they ran into Conf troops and
McClellan decided to wait
Battle of the Seven Pines
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Part of Peninsular Campaign
May, 1862
Union Victory
Very heavy casualties on both sides
Conf commander wounded so Robert E. Lee
took over in June
Conf Gen Jackson took some troops and
pretended to prepare to attack DC

Lincoln refused to send additional troops to McClellan to
protect DC
Seven Days Battle
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Jackson rejoined Lee’s troops outside of
Richmond
In late June, 1862
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Combined Confederate forces attacked McClellan’s
weakened troops
McClellan retreated
Confederate victory
Casualties: 20,000 Union and 16,000
Confederate
Results
Lincoln removed McClellan and chose Gen
John Pope to lead the Union Army of the
Potomac (army the protected DC that
McClellan had led)
 Lincoln ordered McClellan to return to DC

Second Battle of Bull Run/2nd Manassas
Lee divided his army again
 Late August Lee attacked Pope’s forces
 Jackson’s forces attacked after
surrounding Pope
 Confederate victory
 Lincoln was very upset
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Removed Pope and returned McClellan
South Changes Strategy
South shifted from defense to offense
 Lee pushed forces into MD northwest of
DC
 McClellan’s troops found some plans and
met him just after Lee crossed into MD
 Major and crucial battle took place near
village of Sharpsburg, MD at Antietam
Creek

Antietam
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Union troops outnumbered Conf troops
Night of Sept 17, 1862 more than 22,000 men
lay dead or wounded
Single bloodiest day of the Civil War
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Casualties about even on both sides but McClellan had
far more fresh troops available than Lee
McClellan did nothing, instead of attacking at
dawn, and let Lee’s army walk away
Lincoln fired McClellan because though he won,
he let a decisive victory slip away
Politics of the Civil War
Politics of the South
Confederacy: loose union of states with a
weaker federal government than state
governments
 Created a constitution: similar to that of
the Union – 2 main differences
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1. Slavery is legal
2. More States Rights
Mobilization Efforts to Use Limited
Resources Efficiently
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Confederate congress passed laws to
increase support of warfare.
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Farmers gave 10% of crops to the army
The army could take male slaves for military
service and the owner was paid for the use of
his slave
April 1862 – Draft Passed (Conscription)
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All white men 18-35 serve 3 years
Age raised to 45 after Antietam
Later increased to 50
More Confederate laws
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Government would determine what and
how much to produce.

Wool - Cotton - Leather
Seized control of railroads from private
owners
 Income tax created to raise money for the
war effort
 Had to do the best they could with fewer
resources.
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Impact of States’ Rights
Not all mobilization efforts were successful
 Harmed the war effort in many ways
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South sought help form Europe (Britain
and France)
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Example: people avoided the draft
Failed to be recognized by either of them
Privateers: 11 British built ships that
fought against the Union during the war
Politics of the North
Much effort was given to keep public
support of the war high
 Tensions increased with Great Britain
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The Trent: 1861 – President Davis sent two
people to gain recognition from the British
(boarded the Trent)
Union removed the 2 men from the ship
England threatened war if the Union didn’t
release the men
Lincoln ordered the men released “One war at a
time”
Republicans in Control of Congress
Pacific Railroad Act (July 1862): supplied
money for the building of the continental
railroad
 Homestead Act (1862): free government
land in the west to people who were
willing to live there
 Government raised the tariff rate
 Passed the first federal income tax (1861)
 Internal Revenue Act of 1862: taxed
medicine, tobacco, and newspapers
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Nearly all taxes ended at the end of the war.
Republicans (continued)
Reformed the banking system
 1862 – Congress established a new
currency
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Greenbacks
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Value was established by the government - Fiat
Northern Opposition to the War
Copperheads: Northern Democrats who
sympathized with the South and opposed
the war
 Draft dodgers and draft riots happened
throughout the North

Keeping Control in the Border States
Delaware – Stayed Loyal
 Maryland – If Maryland would leave the
Union, Washington D.C. would be in
Confederate territory.
 Missouri – Supported action to overthrow
a pro-Confederate state government.
 Kentucky – Martial Law
 In some areas of the Union, Lincoln
suspended the writ of habeas corpus: (can
be held in jail without being charged with
a crime)

Emancipation and the War
Some people began to question if
restoring the Union was enough (slavery
became a question again)
 Lincoln was hesitant at first to end
slavery: He didn’t feel that it was a part of
his job.
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Eventually he used ending slavery as another
method to end the war (a 4th strategy to hurt
the South and bring the war to an end)
The Emancipation Proclamation
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Fall of 1862 after the battle of Antietam.
Lincoln issued the proclamation on January 1st,
1963
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Freed slaves in the states that had seceded
Very controversial, but it showed a shift in the mentality
of the war
Had little impact on slavery since the areas affected
considered themselves to be outside of the Union
Made sure that European countries did not get involved
on the South’s side (they no longer supported slavery)
What to do with slaves when the Union
troops encountered them?
Some union commanders give them back
to their slave owners when returning other
possessions of theirs.
 Others felt that they were contraband: it
is generally accepted that during a war,
property that is captured becomes the
property of the enemy government.
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With this idea, many slaves were freed.
African Americans in the Army
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In the North
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Congress passed a law allowing African
Americans to serve in the army in July of 1862
Many joined after the Emancipation
Proclamation
On warships, black and white men served
together
As soldiers they served in separate regiments
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The African American regiments had white
commanding officers.
Until June of 1864, African Americans were
paid less than white soldiers.
GLORY!
The Hardships of War
Dramatic changes in the lives of people in
the North and South
 Wives and mothers lived in fear
 Both sides faced labor shortages, inflation,
and other economic problems
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By 1863 it was clear that the North was better
prepared to meet the needs of the war than
the South.
The Southern Economy During the War
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Food shortages (food production declined as the
war continued)
Lack of men due to the draft: Women ran the
farms and were in charge of the slaves
Food riots erupted in southern cities (most were
led by women) because of the lack of food
Inflation: Shortages and a lack of goods, plus
profiteers (those who bought up a bunch of
goods and waited to sell until the price got really
high)
Problems at home led to many desertions in the
army
The Northern Economy During the
War
Industries heavily dependent on cotton
were hurt
 Most Northern industries boomed
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Especially war related industries
Women filled critical roles in factories as
more men went off to war.
 Prices rose faster than wages during the
war
 Some northern profiteers: selling poor
quality equipment to the military at high
prices
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Prison Camps
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Andersonville was the most notorious southern
camp in Georgia
Many scattered throughout the North and South
In most cases officers were treated better than
other prisoners
Medical Care
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¼ of the soldiers didn’t survive the war, most
from disease and not battle wounds
Poor nutrition and contaminated food led to
dysentery and typhoid fever
Malaria and pneumonia were also killers
Union soldier was three times more likely to die
in camp or in a hospital than he was to be killed
on the battlefield
One in five Union soldiers who was wounded in
battle later died from their wounds
Women and the War Effort
Women on both sides helped to
care for the wounded
 Clara Barton “The angel of the
battlefield”
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Later began the Red Cross
Dorothea Dix organized the Union
Army’s nursing Corps
 4,000 women served as nurses
for the Union
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Sanitation
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Non-existent in most camps
Garbage and rotting food littered on the ground
Human waste and manure polluted the water
Epidemics of contagious diseases swept through camps.
At times only half of the troops in a regiment were available
Unites States Sanitary Commission: Created in June of
1861, attempted to combat these problems
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Inspected army hospitals and camps
Organized cleanups and provided advice about controlling
infection, disease prevention, sewage disposal, and nutrition
About twice as many soldiers on each side died from disease
as from enemy gunfire
The Tide of War Turns
Victories for General Lee
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Battle of Fredericksburg (December 13, 1862)
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The Union’s McClellan delayed after Antietam and
was replaced with Ambrose Burnside
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- Burnside marched directly towards Richmond.
Lee’s 79,000 met Burnside’s 122,000 at
Fredericksburg, Virginia on Rappahannock River.
Burnside crossed the river without cover and wave
after wave of Union troops were met with artillery
fire
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13,000 Union Casualties to only 5,000 Confederate
Burnside asks to be relieved of his command

Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1, 1863)

Lincoln appoints Gen. Joseph Hooker
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Plans to move around Fredericksburg secretly and
attack Lee from behind his defenses.
His forces were discovered by General J.E.B. Stuart.
(a cavalry commander)
Lee sends troops after Hooker

After a brief skirmish, Lee’s forces under Jackson
move into the thick woods and separate, attacking
from several angles.
 Jackson mistakenly shot that night in the dark, dies on
May 10th.
 Confederate army wins complete victory
Build-up to Gettysburg
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Lowest point in the war for the Union
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Major losses at Fredericksburg &
Chancellorsville
Rumors of Lincoln’s resignation / talk of peace
Lee Moves North
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Seeking renewed resources / Victory in Union
territory
Hear word of shoe supply in Gettysburg PA

- Skirmish with Union cavalry turned into the greatest
battle ever fought in North America
Gettysburg Day 1 – July 1st 1863

Both Union and Confederate troops rush
to the site of the skirmish

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General George Meade arrives – only in
command less than one week
Fighting occurs between two ridges

Confederates are able to push Union troops
back to the hills. – Fighting continued
throughout the day. A confident Lee proposed
(against advisement) to attack the Union
troops early the next morning.
www.echoesofgettysburg.com
Gettysburg Day 2 – July 2nd

Gen. James Longstreet
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Not ready to attack with Union troops until
4pm!
Gives Meade a chance to gather
reinforcements and attack.
Little Round Top!
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Vulnerable hill – strategically important
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Could be used for cannon fire
Union troops run out of ammo, defend the hill
with bayonet charge

Save Union from defeat
Gettysburg Day 3 – July 3rd
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Begins with brief Confederate attack on
north Union line.
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Battlefield falls silent after
Early Afternoon – 150 cannons fire to
begin Lee’s infantry charge against the
Union’s center.

Marches 15,000 troops Under General Pickett

Only half of the troops return to Confederate lines
after ½ hour of battle
www.echoesofgettysburg.com
Conclusion of Gettysburg
Pickett’s charge ended the bloodiest battle
of the Civil War
 Union Army

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23,000 of 85,000 suffer casualties
Confederate Army

28,000 of 75,000 suffer casualties

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Lee had lost 1/3 of his army for the second time
Confederates retreat back to Virginia.
www.echoesofgettysburg.com
Vicksburg, Mississippi
The last point left in Confederate control
on the Mississippi R.
 Strategically safe.

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On a hilltop
Surrounded by swampland
Only one area of dry land that could be used to
attack

Ulysses S. Grant commands Union troops.
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Made several previous attempts to bypass or
attack the city.
Moves far south and crosses the river, then
attacks Mississippi’s capital at Jackson.

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Draws Confederate forces (under Pemberton) out of
Vicksburg.
Clash again at Champion’s Hill

Confederates retreat to Vicksburg
SIEGE: A tactic in which an enemy is
surrounded and starved in order to make
it surrender.
 Grant uses Siege tactics

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Artillery fires 2,800 Shells per day for over a
month.

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Residents dug caves in hillsides to hide from the
artillery fire.
On July 4th, 1863 Pemberton surrenders
the Confederate troops.

Why July 4th?

Thought he would have the best chance at
negotiating the terms of surrender.
The Importance of 1863

Turning point of the war!

Control of the Mississippi

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Confederacy cut in two
Lee’s army runs out of reinforcements, has to
retreat to Virginia.

Never again threatens Union soil.
The Gettysburg Address

Delivered on November 19th of 1863

A ceremony held at Gettysburg, was designed
to honor Union soldiers who had died there in
battle. 15,000 were in attendance.

The speech only lasted 2 minutes.

Initially ignored because of its shortness, the
address later became one of the most popular
speeches in American History.
Chapter 11, Section 4
Devastation and a New
Freedom
A Change of Attitude

The Confederate capital at Richmond, VA
has a new feeling about its streets.


Many cities set fire by Union troops, but the
Confederates set Richmond ablaze on their
own.
African Americans welcome the arriving Union
army with open arms.
A More Aggressive Gen. Grant

Confederates hope to hold defenses until Union
election in November of 1864

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Lincoln puts Grant in charge of the Union army
and brings him east to fight Lee

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Feel that another president may replace Lincoln and
grant independence to the south.
Gen. William Sherman is placed in the west
Both plan to beat the Confederates through greater
population and industry.
Grant plans to charge directly to Richmond,
knowing that Lee will have to fight to defend
the capital
Battle of the Wilderness

2 Day battle that begins on May 5th

This is Lee’s first attempt to stop Grant’s
march.

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Confusion occurs because of this

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Fought in the same location as the Battle of
Chancellorsville.
Fought in a dense forest…… The woods caught on
fire!!!!
Longstreet is shot only a short distance from where
Jackson was shot the year before
Grant loses many men but refuses to retreat

He marches around the Confederates and continues
towards Richmond
Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor

May 8th - Spotsylvania

Confederates catch up to the Union forces and
a 2 week battle follows.

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Grant suffers major casualties again but still follows
his route to Richmond. Ensures Lincoln he will
continue to fight.
June 3rd – Cold Harbor

Grant mounts two attacks and again loses
many troops. This time 7,000.
Siege at Petersburg

A railroad center south of Richmond.


Grant’s attack fails and in two months he has lost
65,000 more of his troops.


Supplied food to the city.
So many men died that some had pinned their
name/address on their uniform so they could be
identified.
June 18th, 1864 Grant opts for siege tactics.

Lee has trouble replacing casualties and tries to defend
until the November election in the Union.
Shenandoah Valley

Grant sends General Phil Sheridan to
attack and destroy all transportation
routes and crops.


One home burned belonged to a relative of
Robert E. Lee; Henrietta Lee.
This marks the beginning of Grant’s utter
devastation of the South.
Sherman takes Georgia

Same tactics as Grant with Atlanta as his
goal.

General Joseph Johnston would defend in the
same way as Lee.


Johnston was replaced by General James Hood who
Jefferson Davis thought would be more aggressive
A series of battles results in their retreat to
Atlanta and Gen Sherman lays siege to
Atlanta.

Confederate army flees the city in early September.
Sherman’s March to the Sea

Plans to march to capture
Savannah.


Torches the city of Atlanta before
leaving
Causes complete destruction for
300 miles.

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Destroys bridges, factories,
railroads, livestock, crops and
even homes.
Arrives in Savannah and the
Confederates have already
fled. Easily takes the city.
Election of 1864

Lincoln (Rep.) runs with Andrew Johnson

Johnson was a Pro Union Southerner


Lincoln faces trouble for his pocket Veto of the Wade
– Davis Bill……. Union Party.
Ran against Gen. McClellan - Democrat

Thought his chances were good because he had
support from some troops.
 Promised to negotiate an end to war

Lincoln wins easily after Union capture of
Atlanta
Freedom

February 1865 – Lincoln and Congress
pass the Thirteenth Amendment.



Became a law on December 18th
The law ended slavery in the United States
permanently.
It becomes apparent that the war is nearly
over.
End of the War.

Sherman marches from Savannah to SC

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SC was seen as the basis for Confederate
belief because it was the 1st state to secede.
Even more brutal than he was in Georgia.

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Burns nearly all houses in his path
Burns half of Columbia, the state capital, to the
ground
Stops the destruction of civilian property upon
entering North Carolina.
Surrender at Appomattox

Lee tries to reunite with
Johnston to combine
forces, but is cut off and
retreats to the small town
of Appomattox, Virginia.


Lee knows the war is over
despite suggestions to
begin guerilla warfare.
Lee and Grant meet in the
house of Wilmer McLean.

Terms of Surrender

Lee and Grant talked peacefully and then
exchanged plans for the surrender.

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
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Troops could return home with their horses.
Would not be punished as traitors.
Grant offered to feed the Confederate troops.
Grant orders no celebration in the Union army
because the southerners were “our
countrymen again”
Surrender met with mixed feelings in the
south.


Gen. Johnston surrenders to Sherman in NC a few
weeks later
Confederate surrender continues throughout the
month
Lincoln’s Assassination

Shot at Ford’s Theater in
Washington D.C. by John
Wilkes Booth



Lincoln dies early the next
morning after nothing could be
done for him.
Booth is found in a barn hiding,
the barn is burned and shot at,
killing him.
A Tragic loss, but what was
gained by the war?