Download Chapter 11-2: Fighting Erupts

11-2: Fighting Erupts
The Main Idea
Widespread fighting occurred during the first two years of
the Civil War.
Reading Focus
• What factors made the major battles in the war so bloody?
• How did the Union carry out its strategy in the Mississippi Valley?
• What led to the Confederate successes in the war in the East?
• Why did the Confederate forces invade the Union, and with what
result?
Review
• What crisis did President Lincoln face at Fort.
• How long did most people believe the war between the
states would last?
• Term that means to leave the Union.
• Slave states that remained in the Union were called
____________ states.
• Rule by the military ______________
• Why was Maryland a critical state?
• What were the Union/Conferederate goals and strategies
• What was cotton diplomacy?
Bell Ringer
Most people expected the war between the states to be a quick one,
and they were eager to see a quick victory. So when President Lincoln
sent troops south from Washington to battle the Confederate army,
men and women packed picnics and rode out to watchthe battle near
a creek known as Bull Run. After early Union successes, Confederate
troops pushed the Union army back. When a carriage on a bridge was
hit by artillery, blocking part of the army’s retreat, the Union
troops panicked, as did the civilians. The orderly retreat turned into a
chaotic stampede back to Washington.
1. Why did spectators want to watch the Union and Confederate
armies fight?
2. Why did Union soldiers panic during the battle of Bull Run?
Bell Ringer
In the Union army:
10 companies = 1 regiment
4 regiments = 1 brigade
4 brigades = 1 division
1-2 divisions = 1 army corp
How many soldiers were in a company?
How many in a brigade?
In a division?
Corp of 2 divisions?
The Major Battles Begin
• Union army not ready to fight
– With 90-day volunteer enlistment nearly over, the decision was
made to send troops to Manassas Junction to attack.
• First Battle of Bull Run
– The chaotic battle ended hope for a short war.
– Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname “Stonewall”
– Confederate infantry, foot soldiers, charge causing Union
troops to stampede. There were 2,000 Confederate and 2,900
Union casualties, military term for those killed, wounded, or
missing in action.
The Major Battles Begin
• Results
– Union retreats
• Ends hopes for a short war
– Lincoln called for a million more volunteers to serve for three
years.
– Replaced McDowell with General George McClellan, who set
about creating a real army out of the volunteer force
• Why do you suppose it was called the First Battle of Bull Run?
The Major Battles Begin
• Top generals on each side trained at West Point.
Tactics and
Technology
• Old instructional methods based on infantry and
cavalry charges, but with new weaponry these
tactics led to huge casualties
• Increased range and accuracy with bullet-shaped
ammunition and rifling
• Shrapnel replaced cannonballs, and fragments
mowed down troops.
New
Devices of
War
• Observation balloons were used to direct artillery
fire, and camouflage was used to disguise tents
and guns from view.
• The telegraph allowed for quick communication.
• Railroads used to move troops.
The Fight for the Mississippi Valley
Ironclads were used by the Union to take the Mississippi
Valley.
Ulysses S. Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson,
opening the western Confederacy and leaving the
Mississippi River vulnerable to attack. Grant continued south
to the railroad center of Corinth, Mississippi.
The bloody Battle of Shiloh was a Confederate loss, but
there were over 23,000 total casualties. Grant realized the
Union would be saved only by complete conquest.
New Orleans fell to Admiral Farragut, and he continued up
the Mississippi River to capture Baton Rouge and Natchez.
Only Vicksburg remained in Confederate hands.
The War in the East
General McClellan
2nd Battle of Bull Run
• Hesitant commander with
100,00-man Union army
designated to attack
Richmond
• Overly cautious McClellan
waited outside Richmond.
• Fought a series of battles on
the peninsula but always
delayed action
• Robert E. Lee lured Pope into
battle and defeated him.
• Lincoln held troops back to
defend Washington
• Confederates attacked in a
series of clashes, and
McClellan retreated after four
victories in five battles.
• Lincoln puts John Pope in
charge.
• Lincoln put McClellan back in
command, telling his cabinet
members, “We must use the
tools we have.”
• Smaller Confederate forces
more effective and led by
better commanders
The Union Is Invaded
Union morale was low after defeats in Virginia and the
Confederates determined to attack on Union soil, hoping to
gain an early peace.
Battle of Antietam
– McClellan caught up with Lee’s troops at Sharpsburg, Md.
– A savage single day of fighting left 23,000 dead.
– Lincoln’s order to “destroy the rebel army” was ignored.
– McClellan allowed the rebels to retreat into Virginia.
– He was relieved of command.
The Battle of Fredericksburg
– Ambrose Burnside named new Union commander
– Marched massive army toward Richmond
– Attacking Confederates head-on left 13,000 Union dead.
– The battle was a disaster for the Union.
Civil War Songs
• Battle Hymn of the Republic Atlanta Monthly
• John Brown’s Body
• When Johnny Comes Marching Home
• Dixie
• Goober Peas
Lyrics
Civil War Songs
• When Johnny Comes Marching Home
• Dixie
• Goober Peas
Review
• What was the outcome of the first battle of Bull Run?
• What new technologies were implemented during the Civil
War?
• What happened at the Second Battle of Bull Run?
• How would you describe George McClellan as a battlefield
commander?
• Why did Lee cross into Maryland for the Battle of Antietam?