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Topic 2 Ecology 1. Ecosystems & Biomes 2. Ecosystem Interactions 3. Chains, Webs & Pyramids 4. Cycles of Matter 5. Ecosystem Response to Change 6. Changes In Populations Topic 2: Lesson 1 Resources 1. Bozeman Science – Environmental Science 2. Read Chapter 38.1: p. 768 3. Read Chapter 39.1-39.5: pp.790-803 4. Chart – Ecology Vocab 5. Worksheet – Abiotic & Biotic Factors 6. Video – Introduction to Biomes 7. Finish Line: Biomes; pp. 188-195 8. Google Slides: Biomes 9. Quizlet Live: Biomes 10. POGIL: Biomes of North America 11. Web Quest – Biomes 12. Brainrush – Hierarchy of Life ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES Levels of Organization Biotic & Abiotic Factors Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes Marine Biomes Topic 2: Lesson 2 Resources 1. Read Chapter 38.1: pp. 768-771 2. Read Chapter 38.3: pp. 774-776 3. POGIL: Ecological Relationships 4. Worksheet: Symbiosis 5. Virtual Lab – Model Ecosystems 6. Invasive Species – Zebra Mussels 7. What the Stuff: 5 Extremely Invasive Species 8. Sci Show – Invasive Species: The Story of Bunny ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS Ecological Relationships • Populations are in competition for the same resources – Each species occupies its own niche, or role in the ecosystem – Resource partitioning – species use the same resources but in different ways or at different times Ecological Relationships • The principle of competitive exclusion states that there cannot be more than one species playing the exact same role in an ecosystem Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+/-) Predation (+/-) Predator-Prey Relationship Herbivory (+/-) Competition (-/-) Types of Competition Intraspecific • Competition for resources within a species Interspecific • Competition for resources between two different species Competition for Resources Keystone Species • A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. • Without the keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. Keystone Species • Sea otter (Pacific Northwest): feed on sea urchins, controlling their population. • Without otters, urchins would eat up the habitat's kelp. Kelp (giant seaweed, a protist) is a major source of food and shelter for the ecosystem. Some species of crabs, snails, and geese depend on kelp for food. Many types of fish use the huge kelp forests to hide from predators. Without sea otters to control the urchin population, the entire ecosystem would collapse. Invasive Species • A non-native species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm and/or harm to human health Cane Toad Native To: South America, Central America, Mexico, and extreme southern Texas Topic 2: Lesson 3 Resources: 1. Read Chapter 38.3 pp. 774-6 2. POGIL: Ecological Pyramids 3. Crash Course Ecology – Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain 4. Cash Man Cuneo – Food Chains CHAINS, WEBS & PYRAMIDS Food Chain Food Web Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass LESS MORE Biomass Pyramid of Energy Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level. Energy Flow • Energy in an ecosystem flows in one direction Energy flow – From the sun to the heterotrophs Topic 2: Lesson 4 Resources 1. Read Chapter 38.4: pp. 778-783 2. POGIL: Nutrient Cycles 3. Finish Line: Cycles of Matter; pp. 204-210 4. Nitrogen Cycle Story 5. Crash Course: Ecology – The Hydrologic & Carbon Cycles 6. Crash Course Ecology – Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles CYCLES OF MATTER Recycling Matter in the Biosphere • Elements, nutrients, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are cycled from one part of the biosphere to another in biogeochemical cycles • Matter is recycled and transformed within and between ecosystems The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle Topic 2: Lesson 5 Resources 1. Read Chapter 38.2 pp. 772-3 2. POGIL: Succession 3. Interactive – Succession 4. Read Chapter 37. 2-5 pp. 752-762 5. Wolves Change Rivers 6. Crash Course Ecology – Ecological Succession: Change is Good ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE TO CHANGE Ecological Succession • The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances Terrestrial Succession • As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community Aquatic Succession Topic 2: Lesson 6 1. Crash Course Ecology – Population Ecology: The Texas Mosquito Mystery 2. Read Chapter 40.5 p. 819 3. POGIL: Population Growth 4. Worksheet – Primary Productivity & Limiting Factors CHANGES IN POPULATIONS Populations Are Always Changing • Population dynamics – the study of how quickly or slowly a population grows and why – Demography studies the distribution, density, births, death, number or individuals, and structure of the population Populations Growth Rates • Under ideal conditions, populations are always increasing (births > deaths) • Growth is limited in real life conditions Populations Are Limited • Carrying Capacity – the largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support Human Population Growth Age Structure Diagrams Limiting Factors & Population Growth • Ecologists study the primary productivity of an organism – the rate at which organic matter is made by producers. One factor that controls this is the amount of available nutrients • Limiting nutrient – a nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly Limiting Factors & Population Growth • A limiting nutrient is an example of a more general ecological concept; a limiting factor • Limiting factor – a factor that causes population growth to decrease Limiting Factors & Population Growth • Density-Dependent – a limiting factor that depends on population size – Ex: competition for resources (food, water, space), predation, parasitism, disease Limiting Factors & Population Growth • Density-Independent – factors that affect all populations in similar ways regardless of the population size – Examples: Unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, volcanoes, floods, droughts, etc. Limiting Factors & Population Growth Agricultural Runoff & Eutrophication Agricultural Runoff & Eutrophication • When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large amount of a limiting nutrient (excess N & P) it immediately increases the amount of algae, which is known as algal bloom