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≠ Greece began as a series of small towns separated by mountains and water. Over time, these small towns were unified under a single ruler called a tyrant who later established a monarchy under his family’s rule. ≠ But these towns soon grew into cities which became more difficult to control, since traveling between them took so long. ≠ To solve the problem, the Greeks created the idea of a city-state. See p. 8 ≠ In some city-states, wealthy nobles became powerful aristocracies and began local rule. Some against the wishes of the monarch. ≠ In Athens the idea of democracy started because ordinary people wanted to resist the power of the aristocracies by asking their monarch for voice in government. ≠ As a way to have better control, their wish was granted in the form of direct democracy. ≠ In Athens, 507 B.C., ruler Cleisthenes broadened the role of individuals in government by setting up a legislature. ≠ He called it the Council of 500. ≠ Chosen by lottery, the council would debate and handle day-to day-governmental affairs. ≠ Broader issues would be brought in front of the entire assembly of citizens to vote on. ≠ However, women and slaves were not considered citizens and could not vote. ≠ After winning the Persian Wars, Athens became the most powerful city-state in Greece. ≠ Their ruler, Pericles, believed that ALL male citizens, regardless of wealth or class, should be part of government. (sorry ladies!) ≠ In a famous speech, Pericles praised Athenian government because power was now in the hands of many citizens, not a few wealthy ones. ≠ Let’s look in the book… page 13, The Funeral Oration ≠ Greek philosophers helped to develop western political ideas by challenging the belief that events were caused by the whims of the gods. Instead, they used observation and reason to determine the laws of the universe. In this way, they created science and philosophy which means “ love of wisdom”. ≠ Was an Athenian stonemason who roamed the market place asking people, “What is the greatest good?” p. 14 His process later became known as the Socratic Method. Painting by Raphael, 1511. Plato and Aristotle are at the center. ≠ Plato, Socrates’ student, became fearful of Democracy after his teacher’s death. ≠ He argued that the state should control every aspect of a citizen’s lives because “his soul is full of meanness and vulgarity”. p.18 ≠ He believed in a class system: workers, soldiers, and philosopher kings, who were specially trained to rule. p. 15 ≠ Plato’s student, Aristotle, believed that the law applied to EVERYONE. He said, “the rule of law, it is argued, is preferable to that of any individual.” p. 15 ≠ STOP! THINK-PAIR-SHARE ≠ Why would this idea be important for a government? ≠ Socrates believed in the greatest ___. ≠ Plato believed the government should ___ every aspect of a person’s life. ≠ Aristotle believed in the ___ of law. ≠ Ticket out the Door… ≠ Compare: ≠ Who would Pericles most agree with and why? ≠ After a war with the Etruscans, in 509 B.C., the Romans set up a new government called a Republic where some people were elected to have power, known as senators, who made the laws, and were all patricians, or landholding upper class. ≠ A senate of 300 members ruled Rome. See p. 22 for structure of the Roman government. ≠ Each year, the senators elected two consuls to supervise the business of government and could command the armies. CLASS STOP! Why should only landholders hold office? ≠ Most Romans were common people, or plebeians. ≠ Plebeians pushed to have the laws written down on The Laws of the 12 Tables. ≠ Who was the first ruler to write down laws for all to see? ≠ Plebeians also were allowed to elect their own officials called Tribunes. They could veto or block laws that were not in the best interest of the common people. ≠ This created the idea of Check and Balances because power is separated and shared. ≠ STOP! THINK-PAIR-SHARE: the meaning of the above term “Checks” and “Balances”. ≠ The U.S. Constitution is based on the ideas from the Roman form of government. Including the idea of veto power, separation of powers, and Checks and Balances. ≠ Roman armies expanded the republic’s power. The expansion made the empire very wealthy and very corrupt. By 48 B.C. Julius Caesar, a successful senator and winning general, seized power and had the senate name him dictator. See p. 24 Augustus Caesar, 63 B.C.-14 A.D ≠ Julius Caesar’s enemies feared his power and murdered him. ≠ Caesar’s grand-nephew Octavian became the new emperor, and renamed Augustus Caesar. ≠ During this time known as the Pax Romana, or Roman peace. trade flowed freely to and from distant lands in Africa and Asia. ≠ Although Augustus allowed some self-rule, he had power over the senate like a king. By 400 A.D. The Roman empire had split into two, Western and Eastern. ≠ After the fall of the Western Roman empire, emperor Justinian in the eastern Byzantine Empire decided to collect all of the civil law codes and create ONE roman law code for everyone in empire to follow… ≠ It was also known as Justinian’s Code. Review Roman Law on p. 26 Some of the key ideas from the laws were: 1. Two Systems of law for __and __. 2. These laws were called __ and __. 3. 4 Protections for the accused person were… from ≠ Most of what we know about ancient Israelites, or Jews, comes from the Torah, their most sacred text. ≠ Their story begins in 2000 B.C. with a man named Abraham who founded what became the Israelite nation. ≠ They were monotheistic, which means the belief in one god. Which was “weird” to other societies at the time who worshiped many gods by being polytheistic. ≠ To the Israelites, each event in their history reflected God’s plan for them. Chart the following… ≠ When a famine forced many Israelites to move to Egypt, they were enslaved until Moses lead the Israelites out of Egypt around 1600 B.C. ≠ Moses “law giver” ≠ They believed that God made a covenant, or promise, to protect the Israelites and their homeland in exchange for obeying God’s laws. ≠ 1. Thou shall have no other gods above me. ≠ 2. Thou shall make no carved image of anything that is in heaven or make them an idol. ≠ 3. Thou shall not take the LORD’s name in vain. ≠ 4. Thou shall keep the Sabbath (Saturday) holy. ≠ 5. Thou shall honor thy mother and father. ≠ 6. Thou shall not commit murder. ≠ 7. Thou shall not commit adultery. ≠ 8. Thou shall not steal. ≠ 9. Thou shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. ≠ 10. Thou shall not covet your neighbor’s house, wife, nor any of his belongings. ≠ Prophets like Abraham and Moses interpreted God’s will and preached codes of ethics, or standards of behavior. ≠ The Torah didn’t just include the Ten Commandments, but consisted of 5 books that included histories, parables, and laws about cleanliness, food preparation, and doing business. ≠ God’s law was THE LAW of the land. ≠ Jews believed EVERYONE must obey God’s law, including their leaders = There is equality before God. The idea of the Ten Commandments and other laws in the Torah became a code of morals, or beliefs, that was backed by a system of laws and principles, or rules. ≠ Jews believed that when bad things happened it was the person’s fault NOT God’s. People were responsible for their actions and the events around them, good and bad. ≠ 3 o’clock: How is this idea different from other ancient people? ≠ The Book of Genesis declares: “God created man in His own image.” p. 31 ≠ 6 o’clock: What do you think this means for rulers? Does this mean they have to follow the laws? Why or why not? ≠ 9 o’clock: Discuss how the Ten Commandments (the laws) effect people’s morals and ethics (behavior). ≠ 12 o’clock: Which commandments are civil laws today? In 1947, as a response to the holocaust, England and the U.S. helped recognized a Jewish Israelite state. After occupying Israel for over 1600 years, the Palestinians are slowly being confined and pushed out of their homeland. ≠ During the early years of the Roman empire, a new religion emerged from Judah (Israel) inspired by the life of Jesus of Nazareth. ≠ Almost all that we know about the life of Jesus comes from the Gospels in the New Testament which are separate from the Old Testament, also known as the Torah. ≠ By the time Jesus was 30, the Gospels say that he began a roaming ministry based on love and tolerance. He believed the Jewish laws were getting in way of God’s primary law of “love thy neighbor”. Leviticus 19:18 ≠ He emphasized God’s love and the need for justice, morality, and service to others. ≠ Controversial Teachings: ≠ If anyone slaps you, turn the other cheek and offer the other side.” Matt 5:39 ≠ Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which persecute you.” Matt 5:43 ≠ “A new commandment I give you… love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another.” Matt 22:36-39 ≠ Women accompanied and provided for his ministry. Luke 8:1-3 ≠ THINK-PAIR-SHARE: Why would these ideas be controversial at the time? And how did these challenge Jewish teachings? ≠ Jesus’ timing was terrible because the Jews were currently under Roman occupation. Jewish leaders were worried Jesus and his followers were a threat to tradition because he prioritized the laws and practiced forgiveness and tolerance. ≠ It was arranged by the Jewish leadership for Jesus to be arrested and later crucified. 3 days after his crucifixion Mary Magdalene and several other women saw him arisen from his grave. He told them and others to spread his words to all nations, then ascended to heaven. ≠ After Jesus’ death, his apostles and other followers spread his teachings across the Roman empire and beyond. ≠ Paul, a Jew from Asia Minor, brought the teachings to pagans, or Gentiles (non Jews). See Romans in the Bible. ≠ The main difference between Christianity and Judaism is Christians focus on the teachings of Jesus instead of the Old Testament (Torah). ≠ Rome had a long history of tolerance of different religions. But they persecuted Christians because they refused to make sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman Gods. Why didn’t they? Because, Jesus was seen as “the last sacrifice”. ≠ Christianity continued to spread until it was eventually legalized when the Roman Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in 313 A.D. He commanded Sunday to be a recognized “holy day” in remembrance of all the martyred Christians. ≠ During the middle ages, the Christian church became the most powerful force in Europe. ≠ The Judeo-Christian Tradition made up of the principles from Old and New Testament laws would become the moral and ethical foundation of the Western justice system. • As Christianity grew, so did people’s reliance on science and Reason. For many people, it didn’t make sense to believe in a God that no one could prove existed. • In 1265, using the same reasoning techniques of Greek philosophers like Aristotle, a priest named Thomas Aquinas, from Sicily, wrote Summa Theologiae, a lengthy book that tried to reconcile Faith and Reason by proving that God must exist BECAUSE of the logic found in science. “Divine Right”. kings gain their authority from God. The Romans first invaded Britannia in 43 A.D. under emperor Claudius. As the troops moved onto the island, they brought with them their culture and religions, which were mixed and varied because the troops were mixed from all over the empire. But invaders also came in the form of Vikings (Netherlands) and Saxons (Germany) looking for better farmland. and not all of these people were Christians and Pagans, some were Muslim, especially Moors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Republ ic_Empire_map.gif#/media/File:Roman_Republic_ Empire_map.gif By Medieval Times, the rest of the world was trading along the Silk Road while Europe endured The Dark Ages. ≠ While Europeans endured wave after wave of the Black Plague (killed over 100 million people!) and pursued 7 crusades fighting Muslims during the “Dark Ages”, the Persian Muslims and Moors, or African Muslims, were making incredible strides in science and technology: • Algebra • • Trigonometry • • Economics • • Geometry • • Guitar • Puppets • Globes • • Cartography • Water raising• machines • Steam • engine Coffee • CodeTrebuchet making chemistry • Clocks w/ Surgery and gears Surgical • Distillation Instruments • Camera Box Autopsy and knowledge Photography of • Planets Circulatory • The System Universe! Which so you think Castlewas the most Building important? As the Roman empire became more dictator-ish under their emperors, Muslims incorporated and into their culture and systems of government. Moors traveled as far north as England, Ireland, and Germany. Bringing with them their knowledge, technology, and culture… Queen of England, Charlotte Sophia, Princess from Germany …and their families! From Prussia Byzantine Emperor & Empress: from Greece and Turkey… Thomas Alexander-Dumas, general under Napoleon during the French Revolution From Russia ≠ During the early Middle Ages, a new system of rule began in response to invaders like the Moors and the Vikings. This system was called feudalism. It was based on the idea of lesser lords pledging their loyalty to greater lords. ≠ The greatest lord, the King, sat at the top of the feudal pyramid, which equaled a monarchy system. ≠ Over time, the monarchs of Britannia, influenced by their faraway invaders, learned to create sophisticated tax collecting systems similar to the one used along the Silk Road, annual census-taking, and legal system. ≠ In 1154 A.D. King Henry II reformed the legal system to include traveling judges who roamed his kingdom enforcing English Common Law. ≠ Henry II also adopted the idea of local citizens taking part in trials so they could have a jury of their peers. An idea still used today. ≠ Henry II’s son, King John, was not as progressive as his father. He made many demands on his nobles and people. ≠ On June 15, 1215, in Runnymede, England, a group of barons forced King John at sword point to sign The Magna Carta, or Great Charter, in order to resolved their differences. Although both sides would later relent, The Magna Carta contained two important principles that would endure: 1. Citizens had certain rights. 2. Even a monarch must obey the law under the Rule of Law. Appointment with 6 o’clock: Which other cultures found these principles to be important? Review your notes.6 ≠ One idea that stuck after the Magna Carta was the idea that the nobles must be considered in matters of: war, the treasury, and taxes. This “Great Council” evolved into being the first Parliament. Also known today as the House of Lords. ≠ It rules along side of the House of Commons, composed of regular people elected into their positions. ≠ When James I became king, he ruled as an absolute monarch, believing in the Divine Right of Kings. He tried to rule without parliament or any group representing the people and even dissolved Parliament in 1611 and 14. When his son James II and, later, grandson, Charles I, claimed the throne, they were no better. ≠ This struggle eventually broke out into civil war in 1642. The king was defeated and, after a trial, Charles I was executed. ≠ This sent a clear message to other kingdoms that no ruler was above the law. Refer to the timeline on pp. 44-46 accept the English Bill of Rights. Which immediately put them under a Limited Monarchy. no king is