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≠ Greece began as a series of small towns separated by mountains and water.
Over time, these small towns were unified under a single ruler called a
tyrant who later established a monarchy under his family’s rule.
≠ But these towns soon grew into cities which became more difficult to
control, since traveling between them took so long.
≠ To solve the problem, the Greeks created the idea of a city-state. See p. 8
≠ In some city-states, wealthy nobles became powerful
aristocracies and began local rule. Some against the wishes of
the monarch.
≠ In Athens the idea of democracy started because ordinary
people wanted to resist the power of the aristocracies by
asking their monarch for voice in government.
≠ As a way to have better control, their wish was granted in the
form of direct democracy.
≠ In Athens, 507 B.C., ruler Cleisthenes broadened the role
of individuals in government by setting up a legislature.
≠ He called it the Council of 500.
≠ Chosen by lottery, the council would debate and handle
day-to day-governmental affairs.
≠ Broader issues would be brought in front of the entire
assembly of citizens to vote on.
≠ However, women and slaves were not considered citizens
and could not vote.
≠ After winning the Persian Wars, Athens became the most
powerful city-state in Greece.
≠ Their ruler, Pericles, believed that ALL male citizens,
regardless of wealth or class, should be part of
government. (sorry ladies!)
≠ In a famous speech, Pericles praised Athenian
government because power was now in the hands of
many citizens, not a few wealthy ones.
≠ Let’s look in the book… page 13, The Funeral Oration
≠ Greek philosophers helped to develop western political ideas
by challenging the belief that events were caused by the whims
of the gods. Instead, they used observation and reason to
determine the laws of the universe. In this way, they created
science and philosophy which means “ love of wisdom”.
≠ Was an Athenian stonemason who roamed the market
place asking people, “What is the greatest good?” p. 14
His process later became known as the Socratic Method.
Painting by Raphael, 1511. Plato and Aristotle are at the center.
≠ Plato, Socrates’ student, became fearful of Democracy after his
teacher’s death.
≠ He argued that the state should control every aspect of a
citizen’s lives because “his soul is full of meanness and
vulgarity”. p.18
≠ He believed in a class system: workers, soldiers, and
philosopher kings, who were specially trained to rule. p. 15
≠ Plato’s student, Aristotle, believed that the law applied to
EVERYONE. He said, “the rule of law, it is argued, is
preferable to that of any individual.” p. 15
≠ STOP! THINK-PAIR-SHARE
≠ Why would this idea be important for a government?
≠ Socrates believed in the greatest ___.
≠ Plato believed the government should ___
every aspect of a person’s life.
≠ Aristotle believed in the ___ of law.
≠ Ticket out the Door…
≠ Compare:
≠ Who would Pericles most agree with
and why?
≠ After a war with the Etruscans, in 509 B.C.,
the Romans set up a new government called
a Republic where some people were elected
to have power, known as senators, who
made the laws, and were all patricians, or
landholding upper class.
≠ A senate of 300 members ruled Rome.
See p. 22 for structure of the Roman
government.
≠ Each year, the senators elected two consuls
to supervise the business of government and
could command the armies.
CLASS STOP! Why should only landholders
hold office?
≠ Most Romans were common people, or plebeians.
≠ Plebeians pushed to have the laws written down on The
Laws of the 12 Tables.
≠ Who was the first ruler to write down laws for all to see?
≠ Plebeians also were allowed to elect their own officials
called Tribunes. They could veto or block laws that were not
in the best interest of the common people.
≠ This created the idea of Check and Balances because power
is separated and shared.
≠ STOP! THINK-PAIR-SHARE: the meaning of the above
term “Checks” and “Balances”.
≠ The U.S. Constitution is based on the ideas from the
Roman form of government. Including the idea of veto
power, separation of powers, and Checks and Balances.
≠ Roman armies expanded the
republic’s power.
The expansion
made the empire
very wealthy and
very corrupt.
By 48 B.C. Julius
Caesar, a
successful
senator and
winning general,
seized power and
had the senate
name him
dictator. See p. 24
Augustus Caesar, 63 B.C.-14 A.D
≠ Julius Caesar’s enemies feared
his power and murdered him.
≠ Caesar’s grand-nephew Octavian
became the new emperor, and
renamed Augustus Caesar.
≠ During this time known as the
Pax Romana, or Roman peace.
trade flowed freely to and from
distant lands in Africa and Asia.
≠ Although Augustus allowed
some self-rule, he had power
over the senate like a king.
By 400 A.D. The
Roman empire
had split into
two, Western and
Eastern.
≠ After the fall of the Western Roman empire, emperor
Justinian in the eastern Byzantine Empire decided to
collect all of the civil law codes and create ONE
roman law code for everyone in empire to follow…
≠ It was also known as Justinian’s Code.
Review Roman Law on p. 26
Some of the key ideas from the laws
were:
1. Two Systems of law for __and __.
2. These laws were called __ and __.
3. 4 Protections for the accused
person were…
from
≠ Most of what we know about ancient Israelites, or Jews,
comes from the Torah, their most sacred text.
≠ Their story begins in 2000 B.C. with a man named
Abraham who founded what became the Israelite nation.
≠ They were monotheistic, which means the belief in one
god. Which was “weird” to other societies at the time who
worshiped many gods by being polytheistic.
≠ To the Israelites, each event in their history reflected
God’s plan for them.
Chart the following…
≠ When a famine forced many
Israelites to move to Egypt, they
were enslaved until Moses lead the
Israelites out of Egypt around 1600
B.C.
≠ Moses
“law
giver”
≠ They believed that God made a
covenant, or promise, to protect the
Israelites and their homeland in
exchange for obeying God’s laws.
≠ 1. Thou shall have no
other gods above me.
≠ 2. Thou shall make no
carved image of anything
that is in heaven or make
them an idol.
≠ 3. Thou shall not take the
LORD’s name in vain.
≠ 4. Thou shall keep the
Sabbath (Saturday) holy.
≠ 5. Thou shall honor thy
mother and father.
≠ 6. Thou shall not commit
murder.
≠ 7. Thou shall not commit
adultery.
≠ 8. Thou shall not steal.
≠ 9. Thou shall not bear false
witness against your
neighbor.
≠ 10. Thou shall not covet
your neighbor’s house,
wife, nor any of his
belongings.
≠ Prophets like Abraham and Moses interpreted God’s will
and preached codes of ethics, or standards of behavior.
≠ The Torah didn’t just include the Ten Commandments,
but consisted of 5 books that included histories, parables,
and laws about cleanliness, food preparation, and doing
business.
≠ God’s law was THE LAW of the land.
≠ Jews believed EVERYONE must obey God’s law,
including their leaders = There is equality before God.
The idea of the Ten
Commandments and
other laws in the
Torah became a code
of morals, or beliefs,
that was backed by a
system of laws and
principles, or rules.
≠ Jews believed that when bad things happened it was the
person’s fault NOT God’s. People were responsible for
their actions and the events around them, good and bad.
≠ 3 o’clock: How is this idea different from other ancient
people?
≠ The Book of Genesis declares: “God created man in His
own image.” p. 31
≠ 6 o’clock: What do you think this means for rulers? Does
this mean they have to follow the laws? Why or why not?
≠ 9 o’clock: Discuss how the Ten Commandments (the
laws) effect people’s morals and ethics (behavior).
≠ 12 o’clock: Which commandments are civil laws today?
In 1947, as a response to the holocaust, England and the U.S. helped recognized
a Jewish Israelite state. After occupying Israel for over 1600 years, the
Palestinians are slowly being confined and pushed out of their homeland.
≠ During the early years of the Roman empire, a new
religion emerged from Judah (Israel) inspired by the life
of Jesus of Nazareth.
≠ Almost all that we know about the life of Jesus comes
from the Gospels in the New Testament which are
separate from the Old Testament, also known as the
Torah.
≠ By the time Jesus was 30, the Gospels say that he began a
roaming ministry based on love and tolerance. He
believed the Jewish laws were getting in way of God’s
primary law of “love thy neighbor”. Leviticus 19:18
≠ He emphasized God’s love and the need for
justice, morality, and service to others.
≠
Controversial Teachings:
≠ If anyone slaps you, turn the other cheek and offer
the other side.” Matt 5:39
≠ Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do
good to them that hate you, and pray for them
which persecute you.” Matt 5:43
≠ “A new commandment I give you… love one
another. As I have loved you, so you must love one
another.” Matt 22:36-39
≠ Women accompanied and provided for his ministry.
Luke 8:1-3
≠ THINK-PAIR-SHARE: Why would these
ideas be controversial at the time? And how did
these challenge Jewish teachings?
≠ Jesus’ timing was terrible because the Jews were currently
under Roman occupation. Jewish leaders were worried
Jesus and his followers were a threat to tradition because
he prioritized the laws and practiced forgiveness and
tolerance.
≠ It was arranged by the Jewish leadership for Jesus to be
arrested and later crucified.
3 days after his
crucifixion Mary
Magdalene and several
other women saw him
arisen from his grave. He
told them and others to
spread his words to all
nations, then ascended to
heaven.
≠ After Jesus’ death, his apostles and other
followers spread his teachings across the
Roman empire and beyond.
≠ Paul, a Jew from Asia Minor, brought the
teachings to pagans, or Gentiles (non Jews).
See Romans in the Bible.
≠ The main difference between Christianity and
Judaism is Christians focus on the teachings
of Jesus instead of the Old Testament (Torah).
≠ Rome had a long history of tolerance of
different religions. But they persecuted
Christians because they refused to make
sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman
Gods. Why didn’t they? Because, Jesus was
seen as “the last sacrifice”.
≠ Christianity continued to spread until it was eventually
legalized when the Roman Emperor Constantine
converted to Christianity in 313 A.D. He commanded
Sunday to be a recognized “holy day” in remembrance of
all the martyred Christians.
≠ During the middle ages, the Christian church became the
most powerful force in Europe.
≠ The Judeo-Christian Tradition made up of the principles
from Old and New Testament laws would become the
moral and ethical foundation of the Western justice
system.
• As Christianity grew, so did people’s
reliance on science and Reason. For
many people, it didn’t make sense to
believe in a God that no one could prove
existed.
• In 1265, using the same reasoning
techniques of Greek philosophers like
Aristotle, a priest named Thomas
Aquinas, from Sicily, wrote Summa
Theologiae, a lengthy book that tried to
reconcile Faith and Reason by proving
that God must exist BECAUSE of the
logic found in science.
“Divine Right”.
kings gain their authority from
God.
The Romans first invaded Britannia in
43 A.D. under emperor Claudius. As the
troops moved onto the island, they
brought with them their culture and
religions, which were mixed and varied
because the troops were mixed from all
over the empire.
But invaders also came in the form of
Vikings (Netherlands) and Saxons
(Germany) looking for better farmland.
and not all of these people were
Christians and Pagans, some were
Muslim, especially Moors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Republ
ic_Empire_map.gif#/media/File:Roman_Republic_
Empire_map.gif
By Medieval Times, the rest of the world was
trading along the Silk Road while Europe
endured The Dark Ages.
≠ While Europeans endured wave after wave of the Black
Plague (killed over 100 million people!) and pursued 7
crusades fighting Muslims during the “Dark Ages”, the
Persian Muslims and Moors, or African Muslims, were
making incredible strides in science and technology:
• Algebra
•
• Trigonometry •
• Economics •
• Geometry •
• Guitar
• Puppets
• Globes
•
• Cartography
• Water
raising•
machines
• Steam
•
engine
Coffee
• CodeTrebuchet
making
chemistry • Clocks w/
Surgery and
gears
Surgical
• Distillation
Instruments • Camera Box
Autopsy and knowledge
Photography
of
• Planets
Circulatory • The
System
Universe!
Which so you think
Castlewas the most
Building important?
As the Roman empire became more
dictator-ish under their emperors,
Muslims incorporated
and
into their
culture and systems of government.
Moors traveled as far north as England, Ireland, and Germany.
Bringing with them their knowledge, technology, and
culture…
Queen of England, Charlotte
Sophia, Princess from
Germany
…and their families!
From
Prussia
Byzantine
Emperor &
Empress:
from Greece
and Turkey…
Thomas Alexander-Dumas, general under
Napoleon during the French Revolution
From Russia
≠ During the early Middle
Ages, a new system of
rule began in response
to invaders like the
Moors and the Vikings.
This system was called
feudalism. It was based
on the idea of lesser
lords pledging their
loyalty to greater lords.
≠ The greatest lord, the
King, sat at the top of
the feudal pyramid,
which equaled a
monarchy system.
≠ Over time, the monarchs of Britannia,
influenced by their faraway invaders,
learned to create sophisticated tax
collecting systems similar to the one
used along the Silk Road, annual
census-taking, and legal system.
≠ In 1154 A.D. King Henry II reformed
the legal system to include traveling
judges who roamed his kingdom
enforcing English Common Law.
≠ Henry II also adopted the idea of local
citizens taking part in trials so they
could have a jury of their peers. An
idea still used today.
≠ Henry II’s son, King John, was not as progressive as his father. He made
many demands on his nobles and people.
≠ On June 15, 1215, in Runnymede, England, a group of barons forced King
John at sword point to sign The Magna Carta, or Great Charter, in order to
resolved their differences. Although both sides would later relent, The
Magna Carta contained two important principles that would endure:
1. Citizens had certain rights.
2. Even a monarch must obey the law under the Rule of Law.
Appointment with 6 o’clock: Which other cultures found
these principles to be important? Review your notes.6
≠ One idea that stuck after the Magna Carta was the idea that the
nobles must be considered in matters of: war, the treasury, and
taxes. This “Great Council” evolved into being the first
Parliament. Also known today as the House of Lords.
≠ It rules along
side of the
House of
Commons,
composed of
regular people
elected into
their positions.
≠ When James I became king, he ruled as an absolute monarch,
believing in the Divine Right of Kings. He tried to rule without
parliament or any group representing the people and even
dissolved Parliament in 1611 and 14. When his son James II
and, later, grandson, Charles I, claimed the throne, they were
no better.
≠ This struggle eventually broke out into civil war in 1642. The
king was defeated and, after a trial, Charles I was executed.
≠ This sent a clear message to other kingdoms that no ruler was
above the law.
Refer to the timeline on
pp. 44-46
accept the English Bill of
Rights. Which immediately
put them under a Limited
Monarchy.
no king is