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Transcript
Catabolic Pathways and Glycolysis • The ability to do that work depends on catabolic process that harvest the potential energy found in organic molecules. The 2 catabolic processes that occur in organisms are fermentation (breakdown without O2)and cellular respiration (breakdown with O2). Redox reactions power the production of ATP – Redox Review • Reduction - the gain of negative charge on an atom as it becomes more negative – can occur through transfer of an e- or through unequal sharing of the e– the atom or molecule that donates the charge is the reducing agent – atoms rich in H make great reducing agents because they are the least electronegative and are oxidized easily - called "hilltop" electrons • Oxidation - the loss of negative charge on an atom as it becomes more positive – can occur through the loss of an e- or the movement of an e- away from the atom – the atom or molecule that accepts the charge is the oxidizing agent • A + B g A+ + B- (A is the reducing agent, B is the oxidizing agent) • Xe- + Y g X + Ye- (Xe- is the reducing agent, Y is the oxidizing agent) Cellular Respiration • primary catabolic pathway used in organisms to produce energy (ATP) – although fats & proteins can be broken down, glucose is the primary fuel used – energy gained is through the transfer or relocation of electrons throughout the process (redox) – C6H12O6 + 6O2 g 6CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP & Heat) DG = -686 kcal/mol • this reaction C & H are being oxidized by O2 to yield the energy for the production of ATP – NAD+ is an oxidizing agent in cellular respiration as is accepts a H atom & becomes NADH + H+ (the enzyme dehydrogenase removes 2 e- to energize the NADH complex) – the energy stored in the bonds is later used to create ATP (& water as oxygen accepts the used H) • • • • Stages of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Glycolysis • Catabolic process that degrades glucose into 2 Pyruvate molecules + 2 H2O molecules – occurs in the cytosol – requires the input of 2 ATP molecules and produces 4 ATPs (net of 2) – 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH + 2 H+ (net gain of 4e-) • Pyruvate is then transported into the mitochondria to begin the Citric Acid Cycle • Reaction does not require oxygen (anaerobic process) – No CO2 is produced! – All C atoms are present in the final products of the reactions • Simplified equation – Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD g 2Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ – The left side is called the Energy Investment phase – The right side is called the Energy Payoff phase • Complex equation