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Transcript
2/6 Bell Work A well known fashion designer wanted to escape the hectic big city. She decided to spend a few days at a rural resort. She felt like a stroll to relax. That was the last time anyone saw her alive. The autopsy revealed that the pack on her back caused her death. How could a pack have killed her? HINT: Think about different definitions for pack. 2/6 Schedule Finish “Teach Every Child About Food” and discussion Notes Ch 16.1 “Developing a Theory” Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” Assignments: 1. Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” due TBA Jamie Oliver: “Teach Every Child about Food” Are you more likely to be murdered, die from obesityrelated problems, or get lung cancer from smoking? Name two of his problems with “Main Street” food. What are at least two difficulties school lunch programs face? According to him, why should students learn to cook? Veggie Evolution Identify as many of the plants as possible. Compare and contrast them. Veggie Evolution All of the plants on the previous slide were bred from Brassica oleracea. Humans are Homo sapiens. What do these names have in common? Unit: Evolution Objectives: 1. Define and describe natural selection. 2. Explain how adaptations and genetic changes lead to speciation over time. Evolution Intro Make a list of some characteristics of birds that could provide information about their diets. Ch 16.1 “Developing a Theory” Objectives Define natural selection. Describe the evolution of Darwin’s Theory. A Theory to Explain Change over Time Origin of Species (2 views) Christian: species have always existed as they are now Darwin presented evidence that evolution happens, and has changed over time. Evolution is the process by which species may change over time. Darwin’s Ideas from Experience The Voyage of the Beagle Darwin’s first evidence was gathered during a global voyage on the Beagle. He was a naturalist and collected natural objects from each place that he visited. He collected fossils and noticed that they were similar to living organisms. Darwin’s Voyage Darwin’s Ideas from Experience The Voyage of the Beagle Most famous discoveries were made on the Galápagos Islands. Finches Several species Beaks similar, but specialized for a particular food Similar to South American finches Darwin’s Finches Darwin’s Ideas from Experience The Voyage of the Beagle He suggested that all of the finches descended from one ancestral species that migrated from South America. The descendants were modified over time as groups survived by eating different food. Darwin called this descent with modification. Darwin’s Ideas from Experience Years of Reflection Darwin spent years studying his data and other sciences before reporting his ideas about evolution. He needed a strong explanation. Beagle voyage (1831) Book published (1859) Theory widely accepted (1870s) Reactions to his theories were mixed. 2/7 Bell Work Put in math symbols to make the following equation true. 18 X 12 / 2 + 3 = 111 2/7 Schedule Notes Ch 16.1 “Developing a Theory” Forks n Beans Lab Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” Assignments: 1. Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” due TBA Darwin’s Ideas from Experience Breeding and Selection Darwin took interest in the practice of breeding dogs, cats, crops, etc., especially exotic pigeons. Eventually, he realized: breeders take advantage of natural variation in traits within a species. Darwin’s Ideas from Experience Breeding and Selection If a trait can be inherited, breeders can produce more individuals with the trait. Artificial selection : done by humans and not by natural causes. Loyal, large, loose skin…great protectors short legs to chase badgers down holes Darwin’s Ideas from Others Darwin was influenced by ideas from the fields of natural history, economics, and geology. The ideas of Lamarck, Malthus, Cuvier, and Lyell were especially important. Darwin’s Ideas from Others Lamarckian Inheritance In 1809, the French scientist Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed an explanation for how organisms may change. He noticed that each organism is usually well adapted to its environment. He proposed that organisms change over time as they adapt to changing environments. Darwin’s Ideas from Others Lamarckian Inheritance Lamarck was incorrect about inheritance. He proposed that changes due to use or disuse of a character would be passed on to offspring. This idea was eventually disproved. Darwin accepted this idea because it proposed a role for inheritance in evolution. Darwin’s Ideas from Others Population Growth In 1798 Malthus, an English economist, observed that human populations were increasing faster than the food supply. Malthus pointed out that food supplies were increasing linearly while populations were exponential. Darwin’s Ideas from Others Population Growth In contrast, the number of people was increasing exponentially. Malthus noted that the number of humans could not keep increasing in this way, eventually people would start to stabilize. What is the term for the maximum number of living things a place can support? Darwin’s Ideas from Others Population Growth Darwin saw that all kinds of organisms tend to produce more offspring than can survive. So, all populations must be limited by their environments. Why It Matters -- Dogs Over time, people bred dogs from wolves for certain physical and behavior traits. Today breeds are known for their appearance, behavior traits, and… quirks. Can you guess what these dogs were originally bred for? Sharpei, Pomeranian, Corgi, Rat Terrier, Poodle Which was a companion, sled dog, hunter, herder, guard dog? Why It Matters -- Dogs Most people pick dogs that fit their lifestyles in size, personality, amount of care needed, etc. If you could create a new breed of dog, what traits would you select for? Why? (4-6 sentences) Name of breed Physical (size, coat, height,…) Personality (very friendly, loyal, protective, tough, etc.) Purpose and explanation (guard dog, companion, herder…) Draw It Forks ‘n Beans Data Utensil People Beans 2/8 Bell Work Shadow drove into the Speedy Service Station and pulled up to the pumps. “Fill it up please,” said Shadow. “This may sound strange,” said the owner, “but I’d rather fill up two cars from out of town than one car from this town.” Shadow looked at the man and replied, “I know just what you mean.” Why does his statement make sense, economically speaking? 2/8 Schedule Notes Ch 16.2 “Applying Darwin’s Ideas” Work Time Finish Forks n Beans Lab due THURSDAY Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” Open House TONIGHT • 4-7 pm • Athletics meeting • Burgers Assignments: 1. Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” due TBA 2. Forks n Beans Lab due THURSDAY Ch 16.2 “Applying Darwin’s Ideas” Objectives Explain why Darwin’s ideas are widely accepted. Identify strengths and weaknesses to Darwin’s arguments. Why Fossils? How do you think studying fossils can tell you about how an organism lived? Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin’s key idea… natural selection Individuals that have traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive. They also tend to produce more offspring than others. Evolution by Natural Selection Steps in Darwin’s Theory The theory predicts that the number of individuals that carry good traits will increase in a population. Evolution by Natural Selection Steps in Darwin’s Theory 1. Overproduction Every population is capable of producing more offspring than can possibly survive. 2. Variation Variation exists within every population. Much of this variation is in the form of inherited traits.. Evolution by Natural Selection Steps in Darwin’s Theory 3. Selection In a given environment, having a particular trait can make individuals more or less likely to survive. So, some individuals leave more offspring than others do. 4. Adaptation Traits that improve survival and reproduction will become more common over time. Natural Selection Evolution by Natural Selection Selection and Adaptation Each species becomes adapted to its environment as a result of living in it over time. Darwin’s theory explains evolution as a gradual process of adaptations. Adaptations created kangaroos, koalas, and Tasmanian devils from a common ancestor. Evolution by Natural Selection Selection and Adaptation Note that Darwin’s theory refers to POPULATIONS and SPECIES—not individuals—as the units that evolve. Evolution by Natural Selection Publication of the Theory Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection presented evidence that evolution happens and offered a logical explanation of how. Biologists began to accept that evolution occurs and that natural selection helps explain it. What Darwin Explained The Fossil Record You can infer past events by looking at fossils. Sometimes, comparing fossils and living things reveals a pattern of gradual change. Darwin noticed these patterns, but he was aware of many gaps. What Darwin Explained The Fossil Record Darwin predicted that intermediate forms between groups of species might be found. archeopteryx… bird or dinosaur? Evolution on “Islands” Evolution in Lake Malawi (Africa) cichlids. What Darwin Explained Biogeography Generally, scientists have found that the movement of landforms in Earth’s past helps to explain patterns in the types and locations of both living and fossil organisms. Fossil map What Darwin Explained Developmental Biology The ancestry of organisms is also evident in developing embryos. Compare the development of species to look for similar patterns. Similarities often derive from an ancestor that the species have in common. What Darwin Explained Developmental Biology EX: all animals with a backbone (vertebrates), embryos have a tail at some time. Based on this and similar internal structures… ALL vertebrates had a common ancestor. 2/9 Bell Work Create an equation with addition and exponents that equals 9. 2/9 Schedule Notes Ch 16.2 “Applying Darwin’s Ideas” Start Natural Selection Simulation Work Time Finish Forks n Beans Lab due TODAY Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” Assignments: 1. Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” due TBA 2. Forks n Beans Lab due TODAY What Darwin Explained Anatomy When modern vertebrates are compared, the difference in the size, number, and shape of their bones is clear. Yet the basic pattern of bones is similar. In particular, the forelimbs of many vertebrates are composed of the same basic groups of bones. What Darwin Explained Anatomy Homologous structures: characteristics that are similar in two or more species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor of those species. What Darwin Explained Biochemistry Genes can change by mutation and that such change can make new varieties appear. Natural selection may “select against” some varieties and so “favor” others. What Darwin Explained Biochemistry A comparison of DNA or amino-acid sequences shows that some species are more genetically similar than others. These comparisons are more evidence of hereditary relationships among the species. Evaluating Darwin’s Ideas Strengths 1. Evidence, data, numbers! 2. Presented a logical and testable mechanism that could account for the process of evolution. Evaluating Darwin’s Ideas Strengths 3. Changed the way scientists thought about the diversity of life. Before Darwin, most scientists saw species as stable and unchanging. They classified species based on average appearances and ignored variation. Evaluating Darwin’s Ideas Weaknesses 1. Darwin’s explanations contain very little about genetics. 2. Darwin’s theory lacked a clear mechanism for inheritance. Mendel’s mechanism wasn’t widely published until 1900. 2/10 Bell Work Solve the word puzzles. 2/10 Schedule Natural Selection Simulation Finish Gen 3 TODAY Work smart! Assignments: 1. Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” due TBA 2. Forks n Beans Lab due LATE 2/13 Bell Work Solve the word puzzles. 2/13 Schedule Quiz Ch 16.1-16.2 in desk groups Natural Selection Simulation Finish Collecting data TODAY Work smart! Due TUESDAY Assignments: 1. Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” due TBA 2. Forks n Beans Lab due LATE 3. Natural Selection Simulation - TUESDAY 2/14 Bell Work Heigh ho, heigh ho, it’s off to school you go…Disney released its first full-length animated film in 1938. Name the film. 2/14 Schedule Grade sheets and letters home due THURSDAY Quiz Ch 16.1-16.2? Natural Selection Simulation due TODAY Notes Ch 16.3 “Beyond Darwinian Theory” Assignments: 1. Dir Rdg Ch 16 “Evolution” due THURSDAY 2. Forks n Beans Lab due LATE 3. Natural Selection Simulation – TODAY 4. Signed Letter and Grade Sheet - THURSDAY Think About It… Which do you think evolve faster, short-lived species or long-lived ones? Why? Ch 16.3 “Beyond Darwinian Theory” Identify how Darwin’s theory has changed over time. Describe different scales for studying evolution. Darwin’s Theory Updated Changes to Darwin’s Theory 1900: Genetics, Mendel’s Law of Heredity 1940s: Scientists begin to combine Darwin’s theory together with newer studies of fossils, anatomy, and genetics. Natural selection isn’t the only option. Darwin’s Theory Updated Changes to Darwin’s Theory Survival and reproduction can be limited by chance or by the way that genes work in addition to natural selection. Some species respond well to changes, others don’t. Darwin’s Theory Updated Remaining Questions Can an individual evolve? They may respond to outside forces, but individuals do not pass on their RESPONSES as traits. Populations evolve when natural selection acts (indirectly) on genes. Click the picture for another example of crow problem solving. Darwin’s Theory Updated Remaining Questions Is evolution the survival of the fittest? Natural selection can act only on the heritable variation. Chance variations do not always provide the best adaptation for a given time and place. So, evolution just allows those that “fit” well enough to leave offspring. Who survives better in the grasslands? Darwin’s Theory Updated Remaining Questions Is evolution predictable? Not really…evolution sometimes results in larger or morecomplex forms of life, but sometimes simpler. Snake born with vestigial legs. Studying Evolution at All Scales Different levels of evolution. Microevolution: change in genes. Macroevolution: appearance of new species over time. Studying Evolution at All Scales Processes of Microevolution Looks at the processes by which inherited traits change over time in a population. Five major processes— natural selection migration mate choice mutation genetic drift. Studying Evolution at All Scales Processes of Microevolution Natural Selection Natural selection can cause an increase or decrease in certain alleles in a population. Studying Evolution at All Scales Processes of Microevolution Migration Migration is the movement of individuals into, out of, or between populations. Migration can change the numbers and types of alleles in a population. Studying Evolution at All Scales Processes of Microevolution Mate Choice If parents are paired up randomly in a population, traits will be passed on randomly. If parents are limited or selective in their choice of mates, a limited set of traits will be passed on. Studying Evolution at All Scales Processes of Microevolution Mutation Mutation can change the numbers and types of alleles from one generation to the next. Such changes are rare. Recessive mutant white Bengal tiger. Studying Evolution at All Scales Processes of Microevolution Genetic Drift The random effects of everyday life can cause differences in the survival and reproduction of individuals. Some alleles may become more or less common in a population, especially in a SMALL population. Studying Evolution at All Scales Patterns of Macroevolution Coevolution Organisms are part of one other’s environment, so they can affect one another’s evolution. Studying Evolution at All Scales Patterns of Macroevolution Adaptive Radiation Over time, species may split into two or more lines of descendants, or lineages. Studying Evolution at All Scales Describe the adaptive radiation you see in these giraffes. Studying Evolution at All Scales Is a giraffe’s neck long or short? Answer… it depends on the situation Studying Evolution at All Scales Patterns of Macroevolution Extinction If all members of a lineage die off or simply fail to reproduce. Moving Lions Answer the questions. What would happen if we moved a community of lions to Arizona? What would they eat? Would anything eat them? Which lions would survive and why?