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Transcript
Chapter 3:Ecosystems and Communities Georgia Performance Standards: •Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. •Determine how organisms depend on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. •Define population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere Essential Questions: EQ: How does the change in temperature and climate affect life in different ecosystems and communities? EQ: How are ecosystems organized? EQ: If you had to design another biosphere on another planet, what would you include? 3–1 The Role of Climate Warm-up 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? • How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-afteryear conditions of temperature and 2. When does the area in which you precipitation where live have the highest you live? temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? • Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation— rain and snow—or is your area very dry? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? 5. What are two factors that may affect climate? 3-1: The Role of Climate • Weather is the • Climate, on the day-to-day other hand, refers condition of to the average, Earth’s atmosphere year-after-year at a particular time conditions of and place. temperature and precipitation in a particular region. The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect Section 4-1 • Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range • These gases allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slows down the loss of heat to space Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface The Effect of Latitude on Climate • As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical. Climate Zones: • Polar - cold areas where the sun’s rays strike Earth at a very low angle. • Temperate - sit between the polar zones and the tropics. • Tropical - receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round, making the climate almost always warm Heat Transport in the Biosphere • The unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere. • The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air create air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the atmosphere, from regions of sinking air to regions of rising air . • Continents and other landmasses can also affect winds and ocean currents Warm-up: EQ: What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. • These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live. 1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition. What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Niche • Community Interactions • Ecological Succession Abiotic & Biotic Factors: • Abiotic factors are nonliving factors – – – – – Temperature Humidity Precipitation Wind Nutrient availability – Soil type – Sunlight • Biotic factors are living factors – Ecological community – Ex: bull frog, what is eats, other organisms with which it interacts. Abiotic & Biotic Factors: • Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. • The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes biotic and abiotic factors. Niche • Habitat is to address as niche is to occupation • A niche is an organism’s role or job in an ecosystem. • Ex: an organisms place in the food web.(earthworm-decomposer) Community Interactions • Competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem. Competition • Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. • Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive • Competitive exclusion principle - no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Predation • An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. • Ex: Anglerfish on Finding Nemo. Symbiosis • Any relationship in which two species live closely together – Mutualism – both species benefits • Ex: bee and flower – Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither hurt nor harmed. • Barnacles on whale – Parasitism – one species benefits and the other is harmed • Flea on dog Checkpoint!!! • How are the three types of symbiotic relationships different? How are they similar? Ecological Succession • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. • As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. • Ecological succession - predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Primary Succession: • On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. • The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species. • occurs on the surfaces formed as volcanic eruptions build new islands or cover the land with lava rock or volcanic ash. • occurs on bare rock exposed when glaciers melt. Secondary Succession: • When a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community without removing the soil. • Land cleared for farming • Wildfires and other natural disasters. Checkpoint!!! • What is the main abiotic factor that distinguishes primary from secondary succession? Land Biomes Ten different biomes • A biome is a particular physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals. • Characteristics: – Climate and Microclimate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Tropical rain forest Tropical savanna Tropical dry forest Desert Temperate grassland Temperate Woodland & Shrubland Temperate Forest Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal Forest Tundra Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest (Taiga) Terrestrial/land Biomes 1.Tundra a. abiotic factors: cold temp, Poor soil, low rain, long severe winters, permafrost b. biotic factors: least diverse biome, lichens, mosses, small plants, polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes, arctic hares Climatograms- show annual precipitation & Temperature What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Figure 20.25h Tundra Major Biomes 2. Taiga (Boreal Forests) p. 104-climatogram &look at map a. abiotic factors: – summers mild – winters long, snowy, cold – most spongy areas called bogs – Acidic soil b. biotic factors: evergreen trees, moose, bears, elk, wolves, porcupines, hares, bobcats What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Taiga-Boreal Forest What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? WHERE WE LIVE!!!! 3. Temperate Deciduous forests -climatogram & look at map a. abiotic: moderate rainfall summer moderate Winter cold Rich soil b. biotic: (lots of diversity) deciduous trees maples, elms, oaks, shrubs, varied animal life: squirrels, foxes, bears, wildcats, salamanders, snakes, lizards, rabbits, chipmunks Figure 20.25f Temperate deciduous forest 4. Temperate Grasslands “The Prairies” a. – – – – abiotic: Moderate rain central part of country warm spring, scorching dry seasons, winters can be snowy b. biotic: – rich soil so lots of grasses- fires help – Treeless – wheat, oats, barley, corn, – bison, antelope, prairie dogs, coyotes, badgers p.102-climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Grasslands Figure 50.25e Temperate grassland 5. Temperate woodland/shrubland (aka) Chaparral Pg. 102 climatogram & look at map Abiotic: mod. Rain Rich soil No trees Biotic: shrubs, coyotes, mt. Lions, bobcats, deer, rabbits, squirrels What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Figure 50.25d Chaparral Figure 50.25dx Chaparral 6. Tropical Savanna: –special type of grassland a. Abiotic –warm all year –Clay soil b. Biotic –Do have some trees –animals: zebra, antelopes, gazelles, elephants, wildebeest, giraffes What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Figure 50.25b Savanna Figure 50.25bx Savanna 7. Tropical Rain forest a. abiotic: – Lots of rain – hot temperature – Poor soil b. biotic: – Highest diversity here – Trees in layers/zones – vines, ferns, large flowering trees, insects, birds, monkeys, snakes, lizards, jaguars, panthers What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Figure 50.25a Tropical forests 8. Tropical Dry forest a. abiotic: – Mild temp – Rich soil – Rain seasonal b. biotic: – Deciduous trees – Tigers – Monkeys – Elephants – rhinos Pg. 100 climatogram & look at map What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Pg. 101 climatogram & look at map 9. Desert a. abiotic: – Sandy – rainfall: less than 20 cm – hot, dry regions – Poor soil b. biotic: cacti, insects, birds, iguanas, gila monsters, horned lizards, kangaroo rats, scorpions, spiders, snakes Moderate diversitynocturnal animals What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Figure 50.25c Deserts 10.Northwestern Coniferous forest: (aka Temperate rain forest) Abiotic: High rain fall Summer mild; winter cool Soil is acidic & rocky Biotic: redwoods, flowering shrubs, bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats Pg. 103 climatogram & look at map-Northern Pacific coast of U.S. What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Figure 20.25g Coniferous forests AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 1. Marine: Abiotic: salt water, distribution of life dependent on water temperature and light Biotic: plankton, starfish, whales, sharks, squid, rays 2. Freshwater: Abiotic: lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, contain little salt, life distribution is dependent on dissolved oxygen content Biotic: algae, catfish, carp, bass, trout, mosses, flowering lilies, frogs What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have? Aquatic Ecosystems: • Determined primarily by the – – – – Depth Flow Temperature Chemistry of the underlying water • Grouped according to the abiotic factors that affect them Figure 50.23 Examples of marine biomes Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. Duck Water Frog lilies Mosquito Duckweed larvae Dragonfly Snail The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, Pickerel Diving beetle Fish share the pond while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the with turtles and other surface. animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Trout The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and Hydra other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Snail Crayfish surface. Go to Section: Phytoplankton Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Benthic crustaceans Freshwater Ecosystems • Flowing-water ecosystems – Ex: rivers, streams, creeks, brooks. – Originate in mountains or hills, and often spring from an underground water source. • Standing water ecosystems – Ex: Lakes and ponds – H2O circulation helps distribute heat, oxygen, and nutrients. – Plankton, phytoplankton, and zooplankton Freshwater Wetlands • • • An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year. Water is either flowing or standing, and a mix of fresh and salt water. Breeding grounds for insects, fish, and other aquatic animals, amphibians, and migratory birds. • Three main types: – Bogs – Marshes – Swamps Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. Duck Water Frog lilies Mosquito Duckweed larvae Dragonfly Snail The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, Pickerel Diving beetle Fish share the pond while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the with turtles and other surface. animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Trout The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and Hydra other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Snail Crayfish surface. Go to Section: Phytoplankton Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Benthic crustaceans Estuaries • Wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea. • Mixture of fresh and salt water. • Affected by the rise and fall of ocean tides. • • Many are shallow. • Estuary food webs differ: – Most primary production is not consumed by herbivores – Much of that organic material enters the food web as detritus • Spawning grounds for many fish and shellfish Types: – Salt marshes = temperate zone estuaries that are dominated by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by seagrasses under water. – Mangrove swamps = coastal wetlands that are widespread across tropical regions. • Salt-tolerant trees (mangroves) • Spawning grounds • Ex: Florida’s Everglades National Park Marine Ecosystems • Classified by photic and aphotic zones. • Oceans are divided into zones based on the depth an distance from shore • Each zone supports distinct ecological communities. • Intertidal zone • Coastal ocean • Open ocean • Benthic zone ??? • Intertidal Zone: • Coastal Ocean: – Characterized by all areas exposed to fluctuations in tidal height. – Extends from the lowtide mark to the outer edge of the continental shelf – Different types of communities. – Rich in plankton – One type of wetland – Specialized vegetation • Coral Reefs = animals whose hard, calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure. • Coral animals live in symbiosis with algae that lives in the coral reef. • Open Ocean: • Benthic Zone: – Includes all the water and is a major habitat for phytoplankton and zooplankton, and highly motile marine invertebrates, fish, and mammals. – The seafloor – Aphotic & photic zones – May include photosynthetic organisms (depending on depth) – Characterized by communitites of invertebrates and fish Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem Section 4-4 land Coastal ocean Open ocean 200m 1000m Photic zone 4000m Aphotic zone 6000m Ocean trench 10,000m Continental shelf Go to Section: Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain Checkpoint!!! • How might the damming of a river affect an estuary at the river’s mouth? • In general, temperature is an important abiotic factor shaping biomes on land, but it is less important in the ocean. In the ocean, light is an important abiotic factor, but it is less important on land. Explain why these factors differ in importance on land and in the sea.