Download Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities

Chapter 3:Ecosystems and
Communities
Georgia Performance Standards:
•Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems.
•Determine how organisms depend on one another and the flow of energy and
matter within their ecosystems.
•Define population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
Essential Questions:
EQ: How does the change in temperature and
climate affect life in different ecosystems
and communities?
EQ: How are ecosystems organized?
EQ: If you had to design another biosphere on
another planet, what would you include?
3–1 The Role of Climate Warm-up
1. When does the area in which you
live experience the lowest
temperatures? Does the
temperature ever get below
freezing? If so, how often does
this occur?
• How would you
describe your
climate, or the
average, year-afteryear conditions of
temperature and
2. When does the area in which you
precipitation where
live have the highest
you live?
temperatures? About how high
is the highest temperature?
• Does your area
receive a great deal
of precipitation—
rain and snow—or is
your area very dry?
3. How often does it rain where
you live? Is one season rainier
than the others?
4. Does it ever snow where you
live? If so, what is the heaviest
snowfall you can remember?
5. What are two factors that may
affect climate?
3-1: The Role of Climate
• Weather is the
• Climate, on the
day-to-day
other hand, refers
condition of
to the average,
Earth’s atmosphere
year-after-year
at a particular time
conditions of
and place.
temperature and
precipitation in a
particular region.
The Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse Effect
Section 4-1
• Carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapor,
and a few other
atmospheric gases trap
heat energy and
maintain Earth’s
temperature range
• These gases allow solar
radiation to enter the
biosphere but slows
down the loss of heat to
space
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
The Effect of Latitude on
Climate
• As a result of differences in latitude and thus
the angle of heating, Earth has three main
climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical.
Climate Zones:
• Polar - cold areas where the sun’s rays
strike Earth at a very low angle.
• Temperate - sit between the polar zones
and the tropics.
• Tropical - receive direct or nearly direct
sunlight year-round, making the climate
almost always warm
Heat Transport in the Biosphere
• The unequal heating of Earth’s
surface drives winds and ocean
currents, which transport heat
throughout the biosphere.
• The upward movement of warm air and
the downward movement of cool air
create air currents, or winds, that move
heat throughout the atmosphere, from
regions of sinking air to regions of rising
air .
• Continents and other landmasses can
also affect winds and ocean currents
Warm-up:
EQ: What Shapes an Ecosystem?
• Organisms not only live
together in ecological
communities, but they
also constantly interact
with one another.
• These interactions,
which include predation
and competition, help
shape the ecosystem in
which they live.
1. Based on your own
experiences, define
predation. Give one
example of predation.
2. Based on your own
experiences, define
competition. Give one
example of competition.
What Shapes an Ecosystem?
• Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Niche
• Community Interactions
• Ecological Succession
Abiotic & Biotic Factors:
• Abiotic factors
are nonliving
factors
–
–
–
–
–
Temperature
Humidity
Precipitation
Wind
Nutrient
availability
– Soil type
– Sunlight
• Biotic factors are
living factors
– Ecological
community
– Ex: bull frog, what
is eats, other
organisms with
which it interacts.
Abiotic & Biotic Factors:
• Together, biotic and abiotic
factors determine the survival and
growth of an organism and the
productivity of the ecosystem in
which the organism lives.
• The area where an organism lives is
called its habitat. A habitat includes
biotic and abiotic factors.
Niche
• Habitat is to address as niche is to
occupation
• A niche is an organism’s role or job in
an ecosystem.
• Ex: an organisms place in the food
web.(earthworm-decomposer)
Community Interactions
• Competition, predation, and various
forms of symbiosis, can powerfully
affect an ecosystem.
Competition
• Organisms of the same or different species
attempt to use an ecological resource in the same
place at the same time.
• Direct competition in nature often results in a
winner and a loser—with the losing organism
failing to survive
• Competitive exclusion principle - no two species
can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at
the same time.
Predation
• An interaction in which one organism
captures and feeds on another
organism.
• Ex: Anglerfish on Finding Nemo.
Symbiosis
• Any relationship in which two species live
closely together
– Mutualism – both species benefits
• Ex: bee and flower
– Commensalism- one species benefits and the
other is neither hurt nor harmed.
• Barnacles on whale
– Parasitism – one species benefits and the other
is harmed
• Flea on dog
Checkpoint!!!
• How are the three types of symbiotic
relationships different? How are
they similar?
Ecological Succession
• Ecosystems are constantly changing in response
to natural and human disturbances.
• As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants
gradually die out and new organisms move in,
causing further changes in the community.
• Ecological succession - predictable changes that
occur in a community over time.
Primary Succession:
• On land, succession that
occurs on surfaces
where no soil exists.
• The first species to
populate the area are
called pioneer species.
• occurs on the surfaces formed as
volcanic eruptions build new
islands or cover the land with
lava rock or volcanic ash.
• occurs on bare rock exposed
when glaciers melt.
Secondary Succession:
• When a disturbance of
some kind changes an
existing community
without removing the
soil.
• Land cleared for
farming
• Wildfires and other
natural disasters.
Checkpoint!!!
• What is the main abiotic factor that
distinguishes primary from secondary
succession?
Land Biomes
Ten different biomes
• A biome is a particular
physical environment that
contains a characteristic
assemblage of plants and
animals.
• Characteristics:
– Climate and Microclimate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Tropical rain forest
Tropical savanna
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Temperate grassland
Temperate Woodland
& Shrubland
Temperate Forest
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Boreal Forest
Tundra
Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Mountains and
ice caps
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Boreal forest
(Taiga)
Terrestrial/land Biomes
1.Tundra
a. abiotic factors:
cold temp, Poor soil,
low rain, long severe
winters, permafrost
b. biotic factors: least
diverse biome, lichens,
mosses, small plants,
polar bears, reindeer,
caribou, arctic foxes,
arctic hares
Climatograms- show
annual precipitation &
Temperature
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Figure 20.25h Tundra
Major Biomes
2. Taiga (Boreal Forests)
p. 104-climatogram &look at map
a. abiotic factors:
– summers mild
– winters long, snowy, cold
– most spongy areas called
bogs
– Acidic soil
b. biotic factors:
evergreen trees, moose,
bears, elk, wolves,
porcupines, hares, bobcats
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Taiga-Boreal Forest
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
WHERE WE LIVE!!!!
3. Temperate
Deciduous forests
-climatogram & look at map
a.
abiotic:
moderate rainfall
summer moderate
Winter cold
Rich soil
b. biotic: (lots of diversity)
deciduous trees
maples, elms, oaks,
shrubs, varied
animal life: squirrels, foxes, bears, wildcats,
salamanders, snakes, lizards, rabbits,
chipmunks
Figure 20.25f Temperate deciduous forest
4. Temperate Grasslands
“The Prairies”
a.
–
–
–
–
abiotic:
Moderate rain
central part of country
warm spring, scorching dry
seasons,
winters can be snowy
b. biotic:
– rich soil so lots of grasses- fires
help
– Treeless
– wheat, oats, barley, corn,
– bison, antelope, prairie dogs,
coyotes, badgers
p.102-climatogram &
look at map
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Grasslands
Figure 50.25e Temperate grassland
5. Temperate woodland/shrubland
(aka) Chaparral
Pg. 102 climatogram & look at map
Abiotic:
mod. Rain
Rich soil
No trees
Biotic: shrubs, coyotes, mt. Lions,
bobcats, deer, rabbits, squirrels
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Figure 50.25d Chaparral
Figure 50.25dx Chaparral
6. Tropical Savanna:
–special type of grassland
a. Abiotic
–warm all year
–Clay soil
b. Biotic
–Do have some trees
–animals: zebra, antelopes, gazelles,
elephants, wildebeest, giraffes
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Figure 50.25b Savanna
Figure 50.25bx Savanna
7. Tropical Rain forest
a. abiotic:
– Lots of rain
– hot temperature
– Poor soil
b. biotic:
– Highest diversity here
– Trees in layers/zones
– vines, ferns, large
flowering trees, insects,
birds, monkeys, snakes,
lizards, jaguars, panthers
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Figure 50.25a Tropical forests
8. Tropical Dry forest
a. abiotic:
– Mild temp
– Rich soil
– Rain seasonal
b. biotic:
– Deciduous trees
– Tigers
– Monkeys
– Elephants
– rhinos
Pg. 100
climatogram &
look at map
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Pg. 101
climatogram & look
at map
9. Desert
a. abiotic:
– Sandy
– rainfall: less than 20 cm
– hot, dry regions
– Poor soil
b. biotic: cacti, insects,
birds, iguanas, gila
monsters, horned lizards,
kangaroo rats, scorpions,
spiders, snakes
Moderate diversitynocturnal animals
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Figure 50.25c Deserts
10.Northwestern
Coniferous forest:
(aka Temperate rain forest)
Abiotic:
 High rain fall
 Summer mild; winter cool
 Soil is acidic & rocky
Biotic: redwoods, flowering
shrubs, bears, elk, deer,
beavers, owls, bobcats
Pg. 103 climatogram & look at
map-Northern Pacific coast of
U.S.
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Figure 20.25g Coniferous forests
AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS
1. Marine:
Abiotic: salt water, distribution
of life dependent on water
temperature and light
Biotic: plankton, starfish,
whales, sharks, squid, rays
2. Freshwater:
Abiotic: lakes, ponds, rivers,
streams, contain little salt, life
distribution is dependent on
dissolved oxygen content
Biotic: algae, catfish, carp, bass,
trout, mosses, flowering lilies,
frogs
What kinds of adaptations would the plants & animals of this biome have?
Aquatic Ecosystems:
• Determined
primarily by the
–
–
–
–
Depth
Flow
Temperature
Chemistry of the
underlying water
• Grouped according
to the abiotic
factors that
affect them
Figure 50.23 Examples of marine biomes
Freshwater Pond Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Spoonbill
Frogs lay eggs in the shallow
water near shore.The eggs
hatch in the water as tadpoles
and move to the land as adults.
The shore is lined with grasses
that provide shelter and nesting
places for birds and other
organisms.
Duck
Water
Frog lilies Mosquito
Duckweed
larvae
Dragonfly
Snail
The roots of water lilies
cling to the pond bottom,
Pickerel
Diving
beetle Fish share the pond
while their leaves, on long
flexible stems, float on the
with turtles and other
surface.
animals. Many of
them feed on insects
at the water’s edge.
Trout
The bottom of the pond is
inhabited by decomposers and
Hydra
other organisms that feed on
particles drifting down from the
Snail Crayfish
surface.
Go to
Section:
Phytoplankton
Plankton and the organisms that
feed on them live near the surface
where there is enough sunlight for
photosynthesis. Microscopic algae
are among the most important
producers.
Benthic
crustaceans
Freshwater Ecosystems
• Flowing-water
ecosystems
– Ex: rivers, streams,
creeks, brooks.
– Originate in mountains
or hills, and often
spring from an
underground water
source.
• Standing water
ecosystems
– Ex: Lakes and ponds
– H2O circulation helps
distribute heat,
oxygen, and nutrients.
– Plankton,
phytoplankton, and
zooplankton
Freshwater Wetlands
•
•
•
An ecosystem in which water
either covers the soil or is
present at or near the
surface of the soil for at
least part of the year.
Water is either flowing or
standing, and a mix of fresh
and salt water.
Breeding grounds for insects,
fish, and other aquatic
animals, amphibians, and
migratory birds.
• Three main types:
– Bogs
– Marshes
– Swamps
Freshwater Pond Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Spoonbill
Frogs lay eggs in the shallow
water near shore.The eggs
hatch in the water as tadpoles
and move to the land as adults.
The shore is lined with grasses
that provide shelter and nesting
places for birds and other
organisms.
Duck
Water
Frog lilies Mosquito
Duckweed
larvae
Dragonfly
Snail
The roots of water lilies
cling to the pond bottom,
Pickerel
Diving
beetle Fish share the pond
while their leaves, on long
flexible stems, float on the
with turtles and other
surface.
animals. Many of
them feed on insects
at the water’s edge.
Trout
The bottom of the pond is
inhabited by decomposers and
Hydra
other organisms that feed on
particles drifting down from the
Snail Crayfish
surface.
Go to
Section:
Phytoplankton
Plankton and the organisms that
feed on them live near the surface
where there is enough sunlight for
photosynthesis. Microscopic algae
are among the most important
producers.
Benthic
crustaceans
Estuaries
•
Wetlands formed where rivers
meet the sea.
•
Mixture of fresh and salt
water.
•
Affected by the rise and fall
of ocean tides.
•
•
Many are shallow.
•
Estuary food webs differ:
– Most primary production is
not consumed by herbivores
– Much of that organic
material enters the food
web as detritus
•
Spawning grounds for many fish
and shellfish
Types:
– Salt marshes = temperate
zone estuaries that are
dominated by salt-tolerant
grasses above the low-tide
line, and by seagrasses under
water.
– Mangrove swamps = coastal
wetlands that are widespread
across tropical regions.
• Salt-tolerant trees
(mangroves)
• Spawning grounds
• Ex: Florida’s Everglades
National Park
Marine Ecosystems
• Classified by photic and aphotic zones.
• Oceans are divided into zones based on the depth an
distance from shore
• Each zone supports distinct ecological communities.
• Intertidal zone
• Coastal ocean
• Open ocean
• Benthic zone ???
• Intertidal Zone:
• Coastal Ocean:
– Characterized by all
areas exposed to
fluctuations in tidal
height.
– Extends from the lowtide mark to the outer
edge of the continental
shelf
– Different types of
communities.
– Rich in plankton
– One type of wetland
– Specialized vegetation
• Coral Reefs = animals
whose hard, calcium
carbonate skeletons
make up their primary
structure.
• Coral animals live in
symbiosis with algae
that lives in the coral
reef.
• Open Ocean:
• Benthic Zone:
– Includes all the water
and is a major habitat
for phytoplankton and
zooplankton, and highly
motile marine
invertebrates, fish, and
mammals.
– The seafloor
– Aphotic & photic zones
– May include
photosynthetic
organisms
(depending on
depth)
– Characterized by
communitites of
invertebrates and
fish
Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem
Section 4-4
land
Coastal
ocean
Open
ocean
200m
1000m
Photic zone
4000m
Aphotic zone
6000m
Ocean
trench 10,000m
Continental
shelf
Go to
Section:
Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain
Checkpoint!!!
•
How might the damming of a river affect an
estuary at the river’s mouth?
•
In general, temperature is an important abiotic
factor shaping biomes on land, but it is less
important in the ocean. In the ocean, light is an
important abiotic factor, but it is less important
on land. Explain why these factors differ in
importance on land and in the sea.