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Basics Of Genetics B.M.C. Durfee High School Objectives • Describe genetics role in evolution • Describe how genetic traits are passed from one generation to the next • Identify the difference between genotype and phenotype • Describe the different types of inheritance patterns Genetics and Evolution • Genetics are important to our understanding of evolution. • Genetics is the key to understanding how variation arises. • Genetics is the study of heredity (transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring) Basics of Genetics • Genes are parts of the DNA that code for certain traits. • DNA is packaged as chromosomes (DNA and proteins) • We have 46 chromosomes in our somatic cells • These cells are diploid: 2 copies of each chromosome (one from each parent) How are Traits Passed Down? • Gamete cells (eggs and sperm) are haploid (half of the genetic information) • Our gametes have 23 chromosomes • These cells fuse together during fertilization to make a zygote • Meiosis is the process of making gametes • Mitosis is when we copy cells Types of Chromosomes • There are two types of chromosomes: o Autosomes: 22 pairs/ 44 chromosomes that code for traits o Sex chromosomes: 1 pair/2 chromosomes that code for sex XX: female XY: male Alleles • Alleles are different forms of the traits (i.e.. Purple flowers, blue eyes) • Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles o Dominant alleles are written with capital letters o Recessive alleles are written with lowercase letters Genotypes • Genotype is the genetic makeup of the individual o Homozygous: both alleles are the same BB: homozygous dominant bb: homozygous recessive o Heterozygous: both alleles are different Bb: heterozygous Phenotype • Phenotype is the expression of the trait o BB: Brown eyes o Bb: Brown eyes o bb: blue eyes Other Inheritance Patterns • Co-dominance: both dominant alleles are expressed in the heterozygote • Incomplete dominance: middle between two alleles are expressed in heterozygote • Sex Linked Traits: On X chromosome, are they usually expressed in males or females? Why? Genetics and Environment • Genes are influenced by the environment: o Height o Diseases • Reaction Norm: oG+EP o Genotype interacting with the environment yields the phenotype What Is Phenotype Video What is phenotype Sociobiology • Idea that your behavior is determined by your biology • Genetics provides range of possibilities and Environment selects • Determinists: o Biological Determinist: Biology determines behavior o Cultural Determinist: Culture determines behavior Review • Describe genetics role in • Genetics is the key to understanding how variation evolution: arises • Describe how genetic traits are passed from one generation to the next: • We get our genetic traits from our parents • Gamete cells (eggs and sperm) are haploid (half of the genetic information) • During sexual reproduction, the gametes join to form a fertilized egg (zygote) • Identify the difference between genotype and phenotype • Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism • Phenotype is the physical expression (what is shown) of the genotype • Describe the different types of inheritance patterns • Co-dominance: both dominant alleles are expressed • Incomplete dominance: middle between two alleles are expressed in heterozygote • Sex Linked Traits: trait is found only on the X or Y chromosome Learn Long Live Long