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Vocabulary • • • • • • • Punic Wars Hannibal Julius Caesar Augustus Hadrian Pax Romana Circus Maximus WH C2 PO2 1 From Republic To Empire WH C2 PO2 2 Winning an Empire • Senātus Populusque Rōmānus – The Senate and People of Rome • After gaining control of Italy – Romans began to expand around the Mediterranean Sea WH C2 PO2 3 WH C2 PO2 4 Wars with Carthage • Carthage – north African city-state • Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C – fought three wars with Rome – Called the Punic Wars (punicus = Latin for Phoenician) • First war – Rome gained Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia WH C2 PO2 5 Hannibal • Carthaginian General sought revenge in the Second Punic War. • Lead his army on an epic march across the Pyrenees , through France, over the Alps into Italy – With War Elephants • Lost half his army but surprises the Romans – Expected attack from the South. • Never conquered the city of Rome WH C2 PO2 6 WH C2 PO2 7 Third Punic War • Rome completely destroyed Carthage • Romans poured salt over the earth so nothing would grow there again. • Rome now controlled the Western Mediterranean. WH C2 PO2 8 Other Conquests • Rome was committed to the idea of Imperialism – Establishing control over foreign lands and people • Added territory (provinces) through: – Conquest: remnants of Alexander’s Empire – Alliances: Egypt WH C2 PO2 9 Mare Nostrum • Latin for “our sea” WH C2 PO2 10 Social and Economic Effects • Riches began to flow into Rome – New class of wealthy emerged – Built lavish estates – Used slaves captured during conquests • Caused prices for grain to fall – Puts farmers out of work – Moved to Rome and became the unemployed class • Gap between rich and poor widens WH C2 PO2 11 Social and Economic Effects • New wealth increased corruption – Greed and self-interest replaced virtues such as: • Simplicity • Hard work • Devotion to duty • CONTRAST AMERICA’S SUCCESS WITH ROME WH C2 PO2 12 Reforms (social justice) • Gracchus brothers elected as tribunes • Called on the state to distribute land to poor farmers • Called on use of public funds to buy grain to feed the poor • The brothers, along with their followers, were killed in waves of street violence set off by Senators that opposed reforms! WH C2 PO2 13 Decline of the Republic • Unrest causes a series of civil wars: – Who should hold power • Slave uprisings and revolts among allies • Citizen Soldiers become professional armies – Loyal to their commanders • Rival generals marched on Rome WH C2 PO2 14 Julius Caesar • Ambitious military leader that dominated Rome with another general Pompey • 59 B.C. He set out to conquer Gaul (France) • Pompey & Senate order his army to be disbanded – Caesar refused! – Marched his army into Rome – Causing another civil war WH C2 PO2 15 “Veni, Vidi, Vici” • Caesar crushes Pompey • Sweeps across the Mediterranean suppressing rebellions • “I came, I saw, I conquered” • He forces the Senate to make him dictator – Kept the Senate and other features of the Republic – He was an absolute ruler of Rome WH C2 PO2 16 Caesar’s Reforms • 48 B.C. and 44 B.C. – reforms made to deal with the many problems of Rome • Public works programs to employ the poor • Gave public land to the poor • Introduced the Julian calendar based on Egyptian knowledge – 365 days divided into 12 months – Still used today with some minor changes WH C2 PO2 17 Assassination and Civil War • The Roman Senate plotted to keep Caesar from becoming King of Rome. • March 15, 44 B.C. – Caesar arrived to the Senate and was stabbed to death. • Plunged Rome into a new round of civil wars WH C2 PO2 18 Civil Wars • Marc Antony, Caesar’s chief general and Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew joined forces to hunt down the murderers. • They began to quarrel setting off a power struggle • 31 B.C. Octavian defeats Antony and his ally Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. – Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide WH C2 PO2 19 Roman Empire and Roman Peace • Senate declares Octavian to be “princeps” or first citizen • Gave him the title ‘Augustus’ – exalted one • He exercised absolute power and named his successor – just like a king! • Under his rule – the Roman Republic came to an end and the Age of Empire began. WH C2 PO2 20 Stable Government • Left Senate in place • Set up efficient civil service – Open to anyone regardless of class • Allowed provinces self-government • Government functioned for 200 years • Problem – who ruled when emperor died – Romans didn’t accept passing power from Father to son! WH C2 PO2 21 Stable Economy • Made the tax system fairer – Ordered a census of the empire • Set up a postal service • Issued new coins to facilitate trade • Public works projects put the poor to work – Some sent to farm WH C2 PO2 22 Bad Emperors – Good Emperors • Hit or miss with each new emperor • Nero and Caligula were downright evil or insane – Caligula named is horse co-consul – Nero might have burned the city down • Hadrian – Codified Roman law across the Empire • Marcus Aurelius – Philosopher King (Plato’s Republic) WH C2 PO2 23 HADRIANS WALL WH C2 PO2 24 Pax Romana • 200 year span began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius • Known as the ‘Roman Peace’ • Roman legions and navy provided protection • Trade was increased throughout Empire • People moved freelyspreading ideas. WH C2 PO2 25 Circus Maximus WH C2 PO2 26 Bread and Circuses • Romans loved entertainment – Circus Maximus was largest race course – chariots – Gladiator Contest • These amusements were a way to pacify the masses • Government also provided free grain to feed the poor. • Prosperity hid social and economic problems WH C2 PO2 27 Questions to Ponder • How did Rome build an empire around the Mediterranean Sea? • What problems contributed to the decline of the Roman Republic? • How did Augustus lay the foundation for stable government in the Roman Empire? WH C2 PO2 28