Download Vocabulary - WordPress.com

Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Punic Wars
Hannibal
Julius Caesar
Augustus
Hadrian
Pax Romana
Circus Maximus
WH C2 PO2
1
From Republic To Empire
WH C2 PO2
2
Winning an Empire
• Senātus Populusque Rōmānus
– The Senate and People of Rome
• After gaining control of Italy – Romans began
to expand around the Mediterranean Sea
WH C2 PO2
3
WH C2 PO2
4
Wars with Carthage
• Carthage – north
African city-state
• Between 264 B.C. and
146 B.C – fought three
wars with Rome
– Called the Punic Wars
(punicus = Latin for
Phoenician)
• First war – Rome gained
Sicily, Corsica, and
Sardinia
WH C2 PO2
5
Hannibal
• Carthaginian General sought revenge in the
Second Punic War.
• Lead his army on an epic march across the
Pyrenees , through France, over the Alps into
Italy
– With War Elephants
• Lost half his army but surprises the Romans
– Expected attack from the South.
• Never conquered the city of Rome
WH C2 PO2
6
WH C2 PO2
7
Third Punic War
• Rome completely destroyed Carthage
• Romans poured salt over the earth so nothing
would grow there again.
• Rome now controlled the Western
Mediterranean.
WH C2 PO2
8
Other Conquests
• Rome was committed to the idea of
Imperialism
– Establishing control over foreign lands and people
• Added territory (provinces) through:
– Conquest: remnants of Alexander’s Empire
– Alliances: Egypt
WH C2 PO2
9
Mare Nostrum
• Latin for “our sea”
WH C2 PO2
10
Social and Economic Effects
• Riches began to flow into Rome
– New class of wealthy emerged
– Built lavish estates
– Used slaves captured during conquests
• Caused prices for grain to fall
– Puts farmers out of work
– Moved to Rome and became the unemployed
class
• Gap between rich and poor widens
WH C2 PO2
11
Social and Economic Effects
• New wealth increased corruption
– Greed and self-interest replaced virtues such as:
• Simplicity
• Hard work
• Devotion to duty
• CONTRAST AMERICA’S SUCCESS WITH ROME
WH C2 PO2
12
Reforms (social justice)
• Gracchus brothers elected as tribunes
• Called on the state to distribute land to poor
farmers
• Called on use of public funds to buy grain to
feed the poor
• The brothers, along with their followers, were
killed in waves of street violence set off by
Senators that opposed reforms!
WH C2 PO2
13
Decline of the Republic
• Unrest causes a series of civil wars:
– Who should hold power
• Slave uprisings and revolts among allies
• Citizen Soldiers become professional armies
– Loyal to their commanders
• Rival generals marched on Rome
WH C2 PO2
14
Julius Caesar
• Ambitious military leader that dominated
Rome with another general Pompey
• 59 B.C. He set out to conquer Gaul (France)
• Pompey & Senate order his army to be
disbanded – Caesar refused!
– Marched his army into Rome
– Causing another civil war
WH C2 PO2
15
“Veni, Vidi, Vici”
• Caesar crushes Pompey
• Sweeps across the Mediterranean suppressing
rebellions
• “I came, I saw, I conquered”
• He forces the Senate to make him dictator
– Kept the Senate and other features of the
Republic
– He was an absolute ruler of Rome
WH C2 PO2
16
Caesar’s Reforms
• 48 B.C. and 44 B.C. – reforms made
to deal with the many problems of
Rome
• Public works programs to employ
the poor
• Gave public land to the poor
• Introduced the Julian calendar
based on Egyptian knowledge
– 365 days divided into 12 months
– Still used today with some minor
changes
WH C2 PO2
17
Assassination and Civil War
• The Roman Senate plotted to keep Caesar
from becoming King of Rome.
• March 15, 44 B.C. – Caesar arrived to the
Senate and was stabbed to death.
• Plunged Rome into a new round of civil wars
WH C2 PO2
18
Civil Wars
• Marc Antony, Caesar’s chief
general and Octavian, Caesar’s
grandnephew joined forces to
hunt down the murderers.
• They began to quarrel setting
off a power struggle
• 31 B.C. Octavian defeats Antony
and his ally Queen Cleopatra of
Egypt.
– Antony & Cleopatra commit
suicide
WH C2 PO2
19
Roman Empire and Roman Peace
• Senate declares Octavian to be
“princeps” or first citizen
• Gave him the title ‘Augustus’ – exalted
one
• He exercised absolute power and
named his successor – just like a king!
• Under his rule – the Roman Republic
came to an end and the Age of Empire
began.
WH C2 PO2
20
Stable Government
• Left Senate in place
• Set up efficient civil service
– Open to anyone regardless of class
• Allowed provinces self-government
• Government functioned for 200 years
• Problem – who ruled when emperor died
– Romans didn’t accept passing power from Father
to son!
WH C2 PO2
21
Stable Economy
• Made the tax system fairer
– Ordered a census of the empire
• Set up a postal service
• Issued new coins to facilitate trade
• Public works projects put the poor to work
– Some sent to farm
WH C2 PO2
22
Bad Emperors – Good Emperors
• Hit or miss with each new emperor
• Nero and Caligula were downright evil or
insane
– Caligula named is horse co-consul
– Nero might have burned the city down
• Hadrian
– Codified Roman law across the Empire
• Marcus Aurelius
– Philosopher King (Plato’s Republic)
WH C2 PO2
23
HADRIANS WALL
WH C2 PO2
24
Pax Romana
• 200 year span began with
Augustus and ended with
Marcus Aurelius
• Known as the ‘Roman
Peace’
• Roman legions and navy
provided protection
• Trade was increased
throughout Empire
• People moved freelyspreading ideas.
WH C2 PO2
25
Circus Maximus
WH C2 PO2
26
Bread and Circuses
• Romans loved entertainment
– Circus Maximus was largest race course – chariots
– Gladiator Contest
• These amusements were a way to pacify the
masses
• Government also provided free grain to feed
the poor.
• Prosperity hid social and economic problems
WH C2 PO2
27
Questions to Ponder
• How did Rome build an empire around the
Mediterranean Sea?
• What problems contributed to the decline of
the Roman Republic?
• How did Augustus lay the foundation for
stable government in the Roman Empire?
WH C2 PO2
28