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AP Psychology Amador Valley High School/Emerson Important Individuals to Study for the AP Psych Exam Adler, Alfred Kohlberg, Lawrence Ainsworth, Mary Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth Asch, Solomon Lewin, Kurt Baillargeon, Rene Loftus, Elizabeth Bandura, Albert Maslow, Abraham Baumrind, Diana Masters, William & Johnson, Virginia Beck, Aaron McClelland, David Binet, Alfred Milgram, Stanley Bowlby, John Pavlov, Ivan Broca, Paul Piaget, Jean Cattell, Raymond Rescorla, Robert Chomsky, Noam Rogers, Carl Ebbinghaus, Hermann Rosenthal, Robert Ekman, Paul Rotter, Julian Ellis, Albert Schacter, Stanley Erikson, Erik Seligman, Martin Eysenck, Hans Selye, Hans Festinger, Leon Skinner, BF Freud, Sigmund Spearman, George Gardner, Howard Sperling, George Garcia, John Steele, Claude Gazzaniga, Michael & Sperry, Roger Sternberg, Robert Gilligan, Carol Tolman, Edward Hall, G. Stanley Vygotsky, Lev Harlow, Harry Watson, John Heider, Fritz Weber, Ernst Hilgard, Ernest Wechsler, David Hobson & McCarley Wertheimer, Max Horney, Karen Whorf, Benjamin Hubel, David & Wiesel, Torsten Wolpe, Joseph James, William Wundt, Wilhelm Jung, Carl Zimbardo, Phillip Kagan, Jerome Directions: Fill in the blanks using the names on the first page. 1. Neurobiological Psych: did early research on a patient named T.A .who had brain damage in his left hemisphere; region of the temporal lobe that produces spoken language was named after him 2. Developmental Psychology: placed human infants into a “strange situation” in order to examine attachment to parents 3. Cognitive Psych: research on learned helplessness using dogs; studied pessimistic vs optimistic personality traits; ‘Postive Psychology’ movement 4. Developmental Psych & Testing and Individual Differences: creator of first intelligence test. 5. Social Psych: developed the cognitive dissonance theory 6. Cognition: theorized the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition; inherent language acquisition device 7. Personality & States of Consciousness: psychosexual stage theory of personality (oral, anal, phallic, and adult genital); importance of unconscious & sexual drive; psychoanalytic therapy; dreaming 8. Social Psych: conformity experiment—people incorrectly reported lengths of lines; also did Impression formation study—professor was warm or cold 9. Motivation & Emotion: two-factor theory for emotion; cognitive label is key 10. Developmental Psych: challenged the universality of Kohlberg’s moral development theory 11. Sensation & Perception: discovered feature detectors, groups of neurons in the visual cortex that respond to different types of visual images 12. Developmental Psych: psychosocial stage theory of development (8 stages; conflict at each stage); neo-Freudian 13. Learning & Personality: social-learning theory (modeling); reciprocal determinism; self-efficacy; Bobo! 14. Cognition: demonstrated the problems with eyewitness testimony and constructive memory 15. Social Psychology: obedience studies; participants think they are shocking a learner. 16. Methods, Approaches, & History: published The Principles of Psychology, psychology’s first textbook; functionalism 17. Developmental Psych: stage theory of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) 18. Learning: classical conditioning studies with dogs and salivation 19. Developmental Psych: experimented with infant monkeys and attachment 20. Learning: revised the Pavlovian model of classical conditioning 21. Social Psych: did research on how we explain others’ behavior; father of attributional theory 22. Learning: father of behaviorism; Little Albert experiment—classically conditioned fear 23. Treatment of Psych Disorders & Personality: humanistic psychologist; person-centered therapy; unconditional positive regard; Self Theory of personality 24. Cognition: experimented with the nature of sensory memory 25. Motivation & Emotion;Treatments: humanistic psychologist; hierarchy of needs, self-actualization 26. Cognition: The linguistic relativity hypothesis 27. Learning: Operant conditioning; radical behaviorism 28. Developmental Psych: Stage theory of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations) 29. Learning: Experimented with latent learning; found that sometimes learning occurs, but is not immediately evidenced 30. Methods, Approaches, & History: set up first psych lab in an apartment near University at Leipzig; theory of structuralism; “Father” of psychology 31. Neurobiology: split-brain research; hemispheric specialization 32. Treatment of Psych Disorders: developed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to treat depression. 33. Developmental Psych: studied genetic bases of temperament; well-known for studying the trait of shyness 34. Social Psych: primary researcher in Stanford Prison Experiment; focus on the power of the situation in influencing behavior and attitudes; our favorite pop-up narrator! 35. Personality/Cognitive Psych: locus of control; internals and externals 36. Developmental Psych: researched evolutionary perspectives on attachment; analyzed attachment in terms of survival value for infants 37. Intelligence & Testing: social psychologist who studied stereotype threat (vulnerability) 38. Treatment of Psych Disorders: developed Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT or RET) 39. Developmental Psych: studied parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive 40. Learning: conditioned taste aversion; biological predisposition to make some associations more easily than others, especially taste-nausea associations 41. Intelligence & Testing: theory of multiple intelligences, not just language and logic 42. Neurobiology/Stress: examined patterns of physiological arousal in fight-or-flight response; formulated general adaptation syndrome (GAS) – stages of stress response: alarm, resistance, exhaustion 43. Intelligence & Testing: ‘g’ factor; general intelligence factor that governs all cognitive abilities 44. Personality/Psychodynamic: Neofreudian; collective unconscious; archetypes; introverts/extraverts 45. Developmental Psych: developed stages of grief and grieving: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance 46. Intelligence & Testing: developed first intelligence test for adults; included verbal and non-verbal (performance) scales on subtests; discarded ratio IQ in favor of deviation IQ (based on normal distributions) 47. Developmental Psych: critic of Piaget; believed infants and children achieved cognitive milestones earlier that Piaget established 48. Motivation & Emotion: conducted groundbreaking research on the sexual response cycle 49. States of Consciousness: developed activation-synthesis model of dreaming; dreams are the brain’s interpretation of random neural firings originating in the brain stem 50. Motivation & Emotion: studied achievement motivation; individuals with high achievement motivation tend to select tasks of intermediate difficulty 51. Methods, Approaches, & History: established America’s first research lab in psychology at Johns Hopkins University; founded American Psychological Association 52. Cognition: graphed retention and forgetting over time (“forgetting curve for nonsense syllables”); most forgetting occurs very rapidly after learning 53. Motivation/Social Psych: described and studied patterns of conflict (approach-approach; approach-avoidance; avoidance-avoidance); studied leadership styles (democratic-autocratic) 54. Developmental Psych: socio-cultural theories of cognitive development; zone of proximal development (ZPD) – role of guidance in developing cognitive skills 55. Intelligence & Testing: triarchic theory of intelligence: creative, analytical, practical 56. Personality: Neofreudian; striving for superiority is universal drive; superiority/inferiority complex; compensation and overcompensation to conceal feelings of inferiority 57. Social Psych: role of expectancies (experimenter expectancy/bias; self-fulfilling prophecy) in influencing behavior; ‘Pygmalion in the Classroom’ study 58. Emotion: universality of facial expressions, display rules, and facial feedback hypothesis 59. Treatment of Psych Disorders: used the classical conditioning process of systematic desensitization as an effective treatment for anxiety disorders, esp phobias; hierarchy of fear(anxiety) and relaxation 60. Sensation and Perception: Gestalt Principles in visual perception; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; proximity, closure, similarity, continuity, phi phenomenon, etc. 61. Sensation and Perception: studied sensitivity to differences between stimuli; the size of a just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus 62. States of Consciousness: developed the dissociation (divided consciousness) theory of hypnosis; “hidden observer” 63. Personality: trait theory of personality; “Big Three” dimensions of personality– psychoticism, neuroticism, extraversion 64. Psychodynamic/Personality: neofreudian; disputed some of Freud’s theories, esp penis envy; coined term ‘womb envy’ 65. Personality: trait theorist; used factor analysis to come up with 16 traits